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FBI-UAP-62-HQ-83894, SECTION 4, FLYING DISC INVESTIGATIONS, 1947-1949

This file contains a collection of FBI memoranda, correspondence, and laboratory reports regarding public sightings of unidentified flying objects and discs between 1947 and 1949. The documents detail the Bureau's coordination with the Air Force and Air Defense Command, the investigation of specific claims including soil analysis under Project SIGN, and the eventual determination that the FBI lacked jurisdiction over UAP investigations. The file also includes citizen inquiries, reports of potential sabotage, and the identification of several sightings as experimental kites or tow targets.

AGENCY
FBI
TYPE
REPORT
INCIDENT DATE
1947-07-01
LOCATION
UNITED STATES
PAGES
214
EXTRACTED
196 / 214
STATUS
READY

> PAGES INDEXED [214]

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Page 1

PAGE 1

cover-page

This is a cover page for an FBI file folder (Section 4, Serials 131-185) related to case 62-HQ-83894.

Declassification authority derived from FBI Automatic Declassification Guide, issued May 24, 2007.
(5-31-56)
nt of Justice
FROM OR ADDED TO THIS
[HANDWRITTEN: R 140, 160, 161, 1620]
BUREAU
FBI - CENTRAL RECORDS CENTER
HQ - HEADQUARTERS
Class / Case # 0062 83894
Sub 4
Vol. 131
Serial # 185
8/11/1274191
RRP003IXGX
62-HQ-83894
SERIALS 131-185
SECTION 4
DESTROY of
FOIPA # 993087
INVESTIGATION
COPIED FOR
OIPA
MAR 1 1978 BY R471
COPIED FOR
[REDACTED]
MAY 15 1978 BY R55
USE CARE IN HANDLING THIS FILE
Transfer-Call 421
SECTION 4
SERIALS 131-185
PICKETT STREET
SHAW-WALKER 18-37797
Page 2

PAGE 2

memo

This FBI memorandum details reports from two Portland police officers, Robert D. Adair and J.R. Caldwell, regarding their sighting of an unidentified flying object over Portland, Oregon, on September 11, 1947.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : DIRECTOR, FBI DATE: October 9, 1947
FROM : SAC, PORTLAND
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS
SECURITY MATTER - X.

Reference is made to Portland teletype dated September 13, 1947.

Records of the Radio Dispatcher, Portland Police Department, reflect that first notice of unidentified objects in flight over the city on September 11, 1947 was received from officers in District 18, which is in the extreme north-east section of the city, at 5:21 P.M. The log further reflects that at 5:23 P.M. the radio requested District 14, which is further south, to attempt to locate and identify the objects and that at 5:24 P.M. a report was received from the car occupied by Chief of Police JENKINS, reporting that they had sighted some objects. District 14 at 5:27 P.M. reported seeing nothing unusual in the sky.

ROBERT D. ADAIR, 4325 S.E. Madison Ave., Portland, advised that he was one of the two officers on duty in District 18 on September 11. The car was in the vicinity of N.E. 25th Avenue and Saratoga Court when ADAIR and his fellow officer noticed a number of people looking upward and pointing. Upon looking at the sky ADAIR observed the very bright reflection of the sun on some object which was apparently made of silvery metal. The object was coming from the east and made a wide turn over the city and disappeared to the south. ADAIR estimated its speed at about 150 miles per hour and its altitude at about 5,000 feet. He watched it for a period of about two minutes and during that time it gradually disappeared in such a manner as to appear that the angle was slowly changing, so that the sun was no longer reflected into ADAIR's eyes. He says that the shape appeared to be round but that the glare was so bright that it could have hidden the true outline of the object. There was no oscillation visible - only steady flight. ADAIR believes it was an ordinary metal airplane reflecting light of the afternoon sun. [HANDWRITTEN: HANDLED BY STOP DEFERRED RECORDING]

J. R. CALDWELL, 7652 S.E. Lincoln St., Portland, Oregon was ADAIR's partner in District 18 on September 11. CALDWELL states that the object appeared to him to take the same course as that described by ADAIR. He pointed out that the speed, height, and size of the object were difficult to judge, because of the interdependence of the three factors. However, he believes that the object when first sighted was about three miles away and about two miles high. He believes it was traveling at a much greater speed than a conventional airplane and was a great deal larger. It appeared to him to be elliptical in shape, and as much as it did not bank or tip he could not judge its thickness. It was of a very bright silver or aluminum substance. [HANDWRITTEN: HANDLED BY STOP DEFERRED RECORDING] [HANDWRITTEN: Info to Mayor Carlin T.D. Army 10/14/47]

RECORDED 62-83894-131
EX-93 19 OCT 1947
231
51 OCT 23 1947 COPIES DESTROYED
270 NOV 18 1964
Page 3

PAGE 3

memo

This memorandum from the Portland FBI office details reports of unidentified flying objects observed on September 18, 1947, including witness accounts from officers in District 18.

OFFICE MEMORANDUM - UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO: DIRECTOR, FBI
FROM: SAC, PORTLAND
SUBJECT: UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS

Reference is made to Portland teletype dated September 18, 1947.

Records of the Portland Office, Department of Justice, reflect that first notice of unidentified objects in the sky on September 18, 1947, was received from officials in District 18, which is in the extreme north-east section of the city. The report reflected that at 2:15 P.M. the radio operator at District 18, which is further south, attempted to locate and identify the objects that at 2:15 P.M. were reported from the east section of the city. Chief of Police [REDACTED] reported seeing nothing unusual in the sky at 2:15 P.M.

ROBERT D. SMITH, S.A.E. Portland, advised that he was one of the two officers on duty in District 18 on September 18. The following is the version of the incident as related by him: Upon looking at the sky, Officer [REDACTED] noticed a number of saucer looking and pointing objects. The objects were observed in the very bright hue of the sun, which was coming from the east. The object was apparently made of silvery metal. It was estimated to be 5 miles per hour and the altitude at 10,000 feet. The object remained for a period of about two minutes and then it vanished. It appeared in such a manner that the angle was slowly changing, so that the sun no longer reflected into AURA's eye. The sun appeared to be bright and there was no cloud visible. AURA hidden the outline of the object. AURA believes it was an ordinary metal/plane light flight.

[REDACTED], S.A.E. Portland, [REDACTED]. On September 18, [REDACTED] reported that the objects were flying in a formation. He stated that the size and speed of the object were difficult to judge, because of the interpretation of the factors. However, he believes that the object was about two miles away, and about two miles high. He believed it was a phenomenon and a speed that was prevailing, and that it appeared to him to be an aircraft. He could not judge the thickness, shape and dimensions. [HANDWRITTEN: 10-13]

[HANDWRITTEN: F.B.I. INTERNAL SECURITY]

RECEIVED
OCT 13 1 05 PM '47

RECEIVED
LIAISON SECTION
OCT 13 4 08 AM '47
Page 4

PAGE 4

report

This report details witness accounts from Chief of Police Leon V. Jenkins, Officer H. S. Raney, and Robert W. Shaylor regarding an unidentified flying object observed over Portland, Oregon, on September 11, 1947.

PD 62-1531

Chief of Police LEON V. JENKINS advised that he was travelling south on N. Williams Avenue near Russell St., when he and Officer H. S. RANEY, his driver, received a call on the police radio requesting District 14 to attempt to observe an unknown object in the sky reported by officers in District 18. JENKINS observed what appeared to be a round silver object, about 10,000 feet high, travelling northeast to southwest. It was directly to JENKIN's left when observed first. He thought it was a weather balloon. Further observation convinced him that it could not be a balloon because of its speed which was extremely great. As JENKINS watched, it turned gradually until it was travelling due south, and as it did so, its shape seemed to change until it appeared to be egg-shaped. It disappeared in about 30 seconds.

Patrolman H. S. RANEY stated that when he first observed the object it was straight ahead of him and travelling straight away from his car. RANEY was driving south on N. Williams Avenue. To RANEY it appeared to be just a glare of sun on some object, and he was unable therefore to tell its shape. It appeared to be very high and travelling extremely fast. It was out of sight after he had travelled 4 or 5 city blocks at a speed of about 25 mph. RANEY stated that he has never seen an object at such an extreme height before and that if the sun had not reflected from it he could not have seen it at all. He believes it could possibly have been a reflection from a large airplane at great altitude.

ROBERT W. SHAYLOR, 4810 N. Fessenden St., Portland stated that he was on duty in District 14 with Officer DONALD W. COWLING on September 11, 1947 and received the call to watch for the object flying over the city. SHAYLOR and COWLING immediately scanned the sky from a vantage point in open territory where they could see the entire sky. They saw nothing in the sky at that time, SHAYLOR stating that they did not even see any airplanes.

A short article in "The Oregonian", Portland daily newspaper, for September 12, 1947, describes the object as seen by Chief of Police JENKINS and also states that "The Oregonian" received several calls from other persons reporting the object. FRED M. WHITE, Assistant City Editor, advised that the paper has no record of the identities of the people making the calls.

62-1531
LHK:tkw
Page 5

PAGE 5

memo

An FBI memorandum detailing a report from pilot Jack Peck and co-pilot Vince Daly regarding their sighting of an unidentified flying object near Bethel, Alaska, in July 1947.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Director, FBI
FROM : SAC, Anchorage
SUBJECT: REPORT OF FLYING DISCS

DATE: 10/18/47

This is to advise that we have been able to locate a flyer, JACK PECK, who is employed by the Al Jones Flying Company in Bethel, Alaska. It had been reported to Military Intelligence that Mr. PECK and his co-pilot VINCE DALY had observed some flying object near Bethel, Alaska, in July, 1947. Efforts previously to contact Mr. PECK were negative until the above instance.

He related that the occasion of seeing the flying object near Bethel was on a July day when the sky was completely clear of clouds, and it being during the early part, it is daylight the entire night. The time of his sighting this flying object was about 10 PM and the sun had just dropped beyond the horizon. Flying weather was extremely good and he, with Mr. DALY, was coming into the Bethel Airport with a DC-3. He observed the flying object immediately to his left and stated that it apparently was observed at the same time by Mr. DALY and both of them manipulated the controls of the plane making efforts to miss the object inasmuch as they could not tell in which direction it was going. They made a forty-five degree turn in order to get out of the way of the object and then noted that it appeared to be going away from them. He described the object as appearing to be some flying wing and s said that it appeared to be about the size of a C-54 without any fuselage. He could not see any propellor or any exhaust from jet propulsion or any vapor trails and could not estimate the size due to his failure to be able to estimate the distance he was away from the object. He was flying at 1,000 feet and stated that he tried to catch up with the object and increased his manifold pressure to approximately 42 inches and was traveling at the rate of 170 miles per hour.

He called on his radio to the Civil Aeronautics Administration station at Bethel, asking what aircraft was in the vicinity and they had no reports of any aircraft. The object he sighted was some five or ten miles from the airport before his arrival and stated that the path did not go directly across the airport. He, of course, could not tell whether the object was making any noise and stated that it was flying at a thousand foot altitude and estimated travel at 300 miles per hour. It was traveling in the direction from Bethel to Nome, which is in a northwesterly direction. He noted no radio interference and is unable to describe the color other than that it appeared dark but of definite shape and did not blend into the sky but had a definite, concise outline. Both he and Mr. DALY clearly observed the object at this time.

[HANDWRITTEN: Info to Major Carlin U.S. Army 60 NOV-6 1947]
[HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-132]
[HANDWRITTEN: 131]
[HANDWRITTEN: 7]
Page 6

PAGE 6

memo

This page is a continuation of a memo regarding the reliability of witnesses Mr. Peck and Mr. Daly, who reported observing an unidentified object.

- 2 -

Anchorage File 100-1406

It may be stated to the Bureau that Mr. PECK is a well
known flyer as well as Mr. DALY and both are known to be very reliable
and responsible people, and it appears definite that they observed
something.

The above is being submitted for the information of the
Bureau.

LOT:LMR
100-1406
Page 7

PAGE 7

memo

An FBI memorandum regarding an interview with A. Courtney Parker in South Royalton, Vermont, concerning his sighting of flying discs. The FBI instructed Parker to report future sightings directly to the Air Force.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO : Director, FBI
DATE: November 1, 1947
FROM : SAC, Albany
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS
A. COURTNEY PARKER, INFORMANT

Reurlet dated 9/25/47.

An Agent of this office contacted Mr. A. COURTNEY PARKER at his residence in South Royalton, Vermont and he stated that all the information he has concerning the flying discs he saw, is set forth in the letter that he sent to the Bureau dated September 17, 1947.

Mr. PARKER advised that as far as he knows, no one else in South Royalton saw these flying discs, and that he believes he saw them inasmuch as he has unusually good eyesight and that he can see bees, etc. further than anyone else. He stated that possibly these flying discs were out of the range of normal vision. Mr. PARKER was asked to furnish any additional information that comes to his attention concerning these flying discs directly to the Air Forces since they now handle matters of this type.

No further action is being taken by this office.

RCC:mfs
62-689
[HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-133]
[HANDWRITTEN: R-289]
[HANDWRITTEN: 60 NOV 13 1947]
RECORDED & INDEXED 31 NOV 1947
Page 8

PAGE 8

other

This page contains a date-received stamp from the FBI Internal Security division.

RECEIVED
NOV 12 4 58 PM 47
INTERNAL SECURITY
F.B.I.
Page 9

PAGE 9

letter

A handwritten letter to J. Edgar Hoover expressing skepticism regarding the media's dismissal of flying disc sightings as mere imagination.

[HANDWRITTEN: Mrs A McLane 70-33-68 Pl Glendale L.I. N.Y.C]

Mr Hoover
F.B.I.
Dear Sir.
Flying Discs
They say that if we are crazy, we are the last to know it. That may be my case, but I hope not.
About 2 months ago, a number of people said they saw flying discs and the papers said it was imagination. I cannot believe hundreds of people could imagine the same thing, at the same time especially, when separated by thousands of miles.
Page 10

PAGE 10

other

This page is a blank sheet of paper containing only an FBI date stamp and a handwritten note.

[HANDWRITTEN: 30]

MR. JONES
RECEIVED
OCT 30 5 28 PM '47
F B I
S DEPT OF JUSTICE
Page 11

PAGE 11

other

A handwritten note speculating that recent fires and airplane wrecks might be the result of sabotage using delayed-action incendiary devices.

This is just a wild guess. Is it not possible that there was something of a new delayed fire dated starter object. (Please do not laugh) You know about all those little plain looking fires, were time bombs to start fires in ship, and isn't it possible some new inventor was de-cried for this sabotage, because that is what all the people I meet think of those fires and airplanes wrecks, They are not accidents, We have had dry spells be fore, but did the whole country burn up at the
Page 12

PAGE 12

letter

A handwritten letter suggesting the FBI investigate reports of discs in ruined areas and urging the agency to protect the country as they did during wartime.

same time? May it would be a good idea to ask the people in the ruined areas if any of them had seen a disc and how long a go. I know we have the smartest men in the world in our F.B.I. and I do not presume to tell you people what to do; but maybe there is some connection. In any event I think you people should start protecting our country the same as you did in War time. Because whatever you people think, we are at war with some one, Only they are hiding
Page 13

PAGE 13

letter

A handwritten note from 'Grand Ma McCaul' expressing concern about the government's lack of awareness regarding a situation and confidence that the guilty parties will be found.

[HANDWRITTEN: us and we are taking a sifting of and our government does not seem to know it. But I am sure ye will find the guilty ones. Yours for success for an American who is friend of her county, Grand Ma McCaul]
Page 14

PAGE 14

letter

A formal response letter from FBI Director John Edgar Hoover to Mrs. A. McCaul acknowledging receipt of her letter, with an internal note stating the woman provided no specific information.

RECORDED & INDEXED
November 1, 1947
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-134]

Mrs. A. McCaul
70-33 68th Place
Glendale
Brooklyn, New York

Dear Mrs. McCaul:

Your letter postmarked October 28, 1947, has been received and I want to express my appreciation to you for having written as you did.

Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

NOTE: This woman rambles on and furnishes no specific information about anything.

[HANDWRITTEN: VWP:jfp]

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 4
NOV 3 1947 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Page 15

PAGE 15

letter

A letter from a citizen to the FBI inquiring if 'flying discs' are responsible for forest fires in Maine and the western United States, while also expressing support for the Bureau.

[HANDWRITTEN: Mrs Milo A. Durand
Elizabethtown
New York]

Dear Sir,

With all these forest fires in main and out west in our country I was wondering whether the flying discs had anything to do with it. Was that just a myth or did they exist. If so could not they have been incendiary falling to earth then with drought and heat from the sun ignite. Were not the discs seen flying over Main Vt. and western states are the western states that have forest fires the same ones reported to have seen the flying discs.

I have great respect for your bureau or should I say our. In every way the F.B.I. has been excellent. I visited the Bureau while in Washington some years ago.

I do hope I haven't taken up to much time but couldnt stop thinking of it. All Americans must be alert but not overdo. We have quite a lot of different foreigners settling up here with plenty of money. Like the back woods I guess. Keep to themselves too.

[HANDWRITTEN: Flying Discs]
[HANDWRITTEN: HANDLED BY STOP DESK]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED 62-83894-135]
[HANDWRITTEN: F B I NOV 15 1947]
[HANDWRITTEN: ak 11-10-47]
Page 16

PAGE 16

letter

A handwritten letter from a widow, Mrs. Milo A. Durand, to an FBI agent named Mr. Jones, expressing her desire to raise loyal children and suggesting a connection between mysterious fires and 'incendiary discs'.

[HANDWRITTEN: I'm a widow with two young children and feel very anxious to do my share in bringing up honest and loyal Americans.]

[HANDWRITTEN: MR. JONES]
Nov 7 2 49 PM '47
RECEIVED
F B I
S DEPT OF JUSTICE

[HANDWRITTEN: Yours truly,
Mrs. Milo A Durand
Elizabethtown
New York]
[HANDWRITTEN: 62 11-7 1130]

P.S.
[HANDWRITTEN: I read that scientist were investigating the way the fires flared up in different parts away from the main fire that is what made me think of the incendiary discs. Thank you again.]
Page 17

PAGE 17

letter

A formal letter from FBI Director John Edgar Hoover to Mrs. Milo A. Durand acknowledging receipt of her letter dated November 5, 1947.

[HANDWRITTEN: 84-133] RECORDED INDEXED [HANDWRITTEN: 58] 62-83894-135
November 10, 1947

Mrs. Milo A. Durand
Elizabethtown, New York

Dear Mrs. Durand:

Your letter postmarked November 5, 1947, has been received and I do want to thank you for writing as you did. The patriotic motives which prompted your suggestions concerning the subject about which you have written are indeed appreciated.

Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

[HANDWRITTEN: B] [HANDWRITTEN: m v] [HANDWRITTEN: m] [HANDWRITTEN: V B 1037]

WN:jam
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 11
NOV 10 1947 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
[HANDWRITTEN: 55 NOV 22 1947]
Page 18

PAGE 18

letter

A letter from a citizen to the FBI inquiring about the status of investigations into flying saucers, the confiscation of an Arizona newspaper, and the 'Shaver Mystery'.

607 69th Avenue
Ridgewood #27, Queens
New York
November 2, 1947

Dear Sir

In regards to the "flying saucer"
mystery which recently received national
publicity, I, as a citizen would like to ask a
few questions. If you, as head of the FBI
would be so kind as to answer I would be
greatly appreciative.

First, has the FBI been and is the
FBI still investigating the "flying saucers"?
Second, were copies of the July 9th, 1947
issue of the Arizona Republic, published in
Phoenix, Arizona confiscated by the FBI?
Third, is the FBI investigating the
"Shaver Mystery" in which an author named
Richard S. Shaver claims there are people
[HANDWRITTEN: xnl 11/12/47] [HANDWRITTEN: Rec'd Nov 12 1947] [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-136] [HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED] [HANDWRITTEN: FBI NOV 24 1947]
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PAGE 19

letter

A letter from Joseph W. Omelina to the FBI asking questions about flying saucers, including whether the FBI suppressed a newsreel of Russian scientists examining a crashed saucer.

living underground who have been there for centuries?
Fourth, has a newsreel, which appeared in a Los Angeles theatre showing Russian scientists examining a crashed flying saucer, been suppressed by the FBI?
Fifth, Does the FBI consider knowledge of the "flying saucers" too dangerous for the general public to know?
Though the above questions may seem a trifle silly, I would appreciate an answer to them, if at all possible.
Thanking you for your courtesy in reading this and hoping for an answer, I am
Sincerely yours
Joseph W. Omelina
[HANDWRITTEN: MR. JONES 5 2 02 PM 47]
[HANDWRITTEN: 11-5-47]
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letter

A letter from J. Edgar Hoover to Joseph W. Oniline declining a request for information, with a note indicating the original inquiry concerned flying saucers and Russian investigations.

November 8, 1947

Mr. Joseph W. Oniline
6071 69th Avenue
Ridgewood
Brooklyn 27, New York

Dear Mr. Oniline:

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-136] Your letter dated November 2, 1947, has been received. The information contained in the files of this Bureau has been declared confidential and available for official use only, and I am unable to be of any assistance to you. I am sure you will draw no inference from my inability to comply with your request.

Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

NOTE: This individual asked questions concerning flying saucers and the Bureau's investigation of Russians.
Postal Guide reflects Ridgewood is a branch of the Brooklyn Station.

[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE]]

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
VWP:mj
MAILED 12
NOV 8 1947 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
[HANDWRITTEN: NOV 22 1947]
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letter

A letter from Mrs. Mary C. Teater to the FBI reporting a claim made by Mr. Joe Lippincott of the Red Cross that 'flying saucers' originated from Spain and that the U.S. government was aware of this fact.

Copy

Port Allegany, Pa.
November 18, 1947.

Federal Bureau of Investigation,
Pittsburgh, Pa.

Gentlemen:

Following the appearance in this town on November 6, 1947,
of a Mr. Joe Lippincott, Director of the Eastern Area, Red Cross,
Pittsburgh, Pa., as "speaker of the evening", at the annual local
Red Cross dinner, I was told by Dr. H. E. Cromwell, local practicing
dentist, that in a personal conversation, following the dinner, Mr.
Lippincott told him that the "saucers" reported as seen in various
parts of the country, were actually from Spain. He said that Mr.
Lippincott said that this had been ascertained by the Government in
Washington, but that it was not being made known. He said that
Mr. Lippincott had been in Europe and inferred that he had been in
Spain and knew conditions over there. Dr. Cromwell is a man active
in the Methodist Chruch and the local Protestant Mens Club, and it is
easy to see how far this report can be spread. The fact that the
Federal Government indorses the Red Cross makes a statement of an official
representative of that organization almost indisputable.

As a representative of the Federal Government and as a
citizen interested in truth and World peace and racial and religious
harmony in our own country, I question the advisability of an accredited
representative of the Red Cross giving out this information, even "off
the record". I thought you might be able to check with Mr. Lippin-
cott or his organization.

Yours very truly,
Mary C Teater
(Mrs. Mary C. Teater, P.M.)

[HANDWRITTEN: FLYING SAUCERS]
[HANDWRITTEN: No action will be sent to our Pgh office & will be [ILLEGIBLE] the file]
[HANDWRITTEN: 335]
[HANDWRITTEN: 53 DEC 1 1947]
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-137]
[HANDWRITTEN: 19 NOV 20 1947]
[HANDWRITTEN: FI R7]
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letter

A letter to J. Edgar Hoover from an individual reporting the receipt of an anonymous, ominous letter postmarked from Cincinnati, Ohio, which warns against discussing sightings.

January 5, 1948

J. Edgar Hoover, Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, D.C.

Dear Sir:

On January 2nd I received a letter. It is postmarked Cincinnati, Ohio, and it bears no return address. Following is an exact copy of it. I will keep the original if it is needed at a future date.

marion Beuscher
In as much as all of you insist on talking and of telling of what you are supposed to be seeing, all of you must be warned. no - not warned in the true sense of the word, but these things are decidedly not supposed to be seen. Please to not mention anymore.

[HANDWRITTEN: Government Rainbow City Antarctica]

[HANDWRITTEN: 1/14/48 wn.cm]

[HANDWRITTEN: 2-48]

[HANDWRITTEN: K]

[HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-138]

[HANDWRITTEN: 15 JAN 22 1948]
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letter

A handwritten letter dated January 6, 1948, addressed to J. Edgar Hoover regarding a letter received on January 2nd that was forwarded to the FBI.

[HANDWRITTEN: January 6, 1948]

[HANDWRITTEN: To: J. Edgar Hoover, Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington D.C.
Dear Sir:
On January 2nd we received a letter,
which we forwarded immediately to your office,
and as we have no return address, it
was thought that you will keep this original
for it if needed at a future date.]

[HANDWRITTEN: Marvin [ILLEGIBLE]

[ILLEGIBLE] we wish to
[ILLEGIBLE] your office for
[ILLEGIBLE] the [ILLEGIBLE] of
[ILLEGIBLE] to be [ILLEGIBLE] to
[ILLEGIBLE] at [ILLEGIBLE] of
[ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] the [ILLEGIBLE]
[ILLEGIBLE] the [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE]
[ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE]
[ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE]
[ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE]
[ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE]]

[STAMP: JAN 6 4 37 PM '48]
[STAMP: JAN 13 10 49 AM '48]
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letter

A letter written to the editor of Amazing Stories magazine describing a UFO sighting by the author's brother on June 28, 1947, near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

In the January, 1948 copy of "Amazing Stories" magazine; published by Ziff-Davis Pub. Co. (one office in Washington, D.C.); my letter was printed under the heading of "Flying Saucer Witness" (page 167). Here is a copy of it:

Sirs:
I have just finished reading the October issue of "Amazing Stories", in which you ask for "flying saucer" information.
Here is what I know: On June 28, 1947, at 3:43 P.M. my brother saw the flying saucers - about seven to ten of them - which flew directly over our house. He said they went like "blue blazes" - didn't make any noise and were heading approximately South. (Rockfield, where my brother's farm is, is just 16 miles northwest of Milwaukee). But what is really strange is that same afternoon the discs were seen over Illinois (they must have been the same ones). This information was given on June 29th - Sunday - over WGN - "The Latest News" at 8 to 8:15 A.M. with Charles Sebastin. He reported that the discs had been sighted over Illinois the preceding afternoon.
Perhaps the information is valueless to you. At any rate please keep this confidential. Our neighbors think we're slightly "queer" to have seen the discs. (I didn't see them but I believe my brother.)
I have been following the Shaver
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letter

A page containing a letter to the editor of 'Amazing Stories' regarding flying saucers, including a reference to a previous article about a 'Circle-Winged Plane'.

stories and [REDACTED] hope you have many (3
more of them.
marion Beuscher
menomonee Falls, Wisc.
(Ed. note) The flying saucers are real, and
you can be sure of that! Let your neighbor
think what they will, in a few months
you will be able to prove how good your
brother's eyesight is! Thanks for your
report, and we hope many more readers
send them in. Rough drawings would
also be helpful. - Ed.

The editor had asked for letters from
readers who saw the flying discs, mentioned
so much in the news. Several times the
editor (Ray A. Palmer) has mentioned in
"Amazing Stories" that he has been threatened.
In the same issue (Jan. 1948) on page 162,
is a letter from W. C. Hefferlin, following:
yes, we Remember!

Sirs:
Enclosed is a newspaper clipping, just
one of many items showing up of like nature,
thumb nail sketches.
Remember the article "Circle-Winged Plane"
as printed by you in "Amazing Stories" maga-
zine, September, 1946, page 157? you have desired
facts and confirmation. now, re-read that
article, again, please.
The planes seen at Golit, Ill, Kansas
3
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letter

A letter from W.C. Hefferlin claiming that flying saucers belong to a world government based in 'Rainbow City', Antarctica, followed by an editorial note from the publication acknowledging the letter and expressing skepticism about the city but confirming the existence of flying saucers.

City, Oklahoma, Seattle, etc., were not the same group of planes but other groups of the same type, all on a world-wide "mapping expedition."
They are only a few of the many belonging to a world government consisting of all the oppressed peoples and dominated nations of the earth, of all colors, races, and creeds.
This government is directed and advised by an organization headed by "The ancient Three, who were, who are, who will be." They, who at one time over a year ago, sent a message to you by way [REDACTED] of us. Their headquarters is "Rainbow City", Antarctica.
Permission is given to print this letter, if desired.

W. C. Hefferlin
Ray-Dox Mfg. Co.
Livingston, Mont.

(ed. note) We print your letter because it is interesting. We don't know if it is true, naturally. We do know, however, that the "flying saucers" are no mirage. As for Rainbow City, if it's what you say it is, we'd sure like to pay it a visit. That sort of thing, which is the utopia all science-fiction writers have dreamed about, is just not visible anywhere in the civilized world. If it exists at the south pole, near that warm spot Byrd found, and it has what you intimate, we'll be waiting for the saucers to come back and bring peace to this nasty-minded old planet. Only we wonder how it
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letter

A handwritten letter from Marion Beuscher to an editor discussing war, UFOs (saucers), and concerns regarding 'Rainbow City' and Hefferlin, requesting that the letter be kept confidential due to perceived threats.

could be done - peace doesn't come by force. Perhaps the way it will ever be done is to wipe the slate clean and just start off as vertible cavemen shocked to sanity by utter destruction. In that case, maybe the "last" war is our "last" hope? A peculiar viewpoint, but it has amazing logic. We never met the man who could learn how a kick in the pants feels without getting a kick in the pants. as for the saucers - maybe you're shooting in the dark - because your editor knows what he's talking about there! But even if you are, we'll forgive you, because your motives are so obviously of the good kind. Thank you for your letter. it wasn't really necessary. Our readers have not forgotten your article - and how they wrote us about it! - Ed.

Please notice where Hefferlin says - "government of ... all oppressed peoples ..." They want all rights and privileges that there are, yet want to deny them to others, especially the freedom of free speech, as witness from "Rainbow City" telling me to "keep quiet"! And why did they number their letter to me "1" - are they intending to write more?

as my letter is a warning letter with a threat, and coming through the U.S. mail, I am sending it to you personally so that it can be investigated. Please keep this confidential since under the circumstances, I do not feel entirely safe.

Thanking you, Very truly yours,
(Miss) Marion Beuscher
604 West Main St.
Menomonee Falls, Wisc.
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letter

A letter from FBI Director John Edgar Hoover to Miss Marion Beuscher acknowledging her correspondence regarding 'flying saucers' and informing her that the matter does not fall under FBI jurisdiction.

[HANDWRITTEN: MS OX] January 14, 1948
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-138]
RECORDED
Miss Marion Beuscher
604 West Main Street
Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin

Dear Miss Beuscher:

Your letter of January 5, 1948, has been received and I want to thank you for forwarding information to me relating to the subject you mentioned. The facts you related, however, do not reflect any violation of a Federal statute within the investigative jurisdiction of the FBI. The thoughts prompting your communication are indeed appreciated.

Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

WN:cm [HANDWRITTEN: cm]

NOTE: Correspondent reports correspondence she has had with the Ziff-Davis Publishing Company in connection with the "flying saucers" which were observed by her brother. She is of the opinion that this publication may be trying to conceal information related to our Nation's security and she mentions a threat that does not refer injury to person or property.

[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED READING ROOM JAN 15 12 43 PM '48]
[HANDWRITTEN: FB]
[HANDWRITTEN: m]
[HANDWRITTEN: tm]
[HANDWRITTEN: m]
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 8
JAN 15 1948 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
[HANDWRITTEN: FEB 5-1948 3/4]
[HANDWRITTEN: ms]
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letter

A letter from a citizen in Covington, Ohio, to the FBI suggesting that flying discs might be self-propelled bombs being tested by a foreign country to determine range.

Covington Ohio.
Jan 29, 1948.
F. B. I.
Washington D.C.
Dear Sirs:
I have done a lot of thinking about those flying discs ever since your operators called at our home. I have figured out a possible solution that I am passing on to you. If you can see the picture as I see it.
If self propelled bombs were made to travel [REDACTED] a few years ago, there isn't any reason to believe they could not be made to go 3000 miles today.
If a foreign country were planning to drop a lot of such bombs on our cities, they would want the exact range, and the only way they could get it would be to make some tests. I
[HANDWRITTEN: ack 2-5-48]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-93]
[HANDWRITTEN: 32 FEB 13 1948]
[HANDWRITTEN: 8.3894-139]
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letter

A handwritten letter describing observations of unidentified discs, mentioning Texas, Tennessee, Fort Knox, and an interaction with FBI operators.

[3]
up and off a ways, its course
looked like an ellipse to us:
The discs were seen in Texas
probably dropped in the gulf.
As their sight improved they
no doubt dropped some in
various places. The one that
was seen down Tenn. way, was
no doubt aimed at some lake close
to Fort Knox. Maybe something
went wrong with that one, is
the reason it was so plainly
visible. Owing to the fact that
your operators called at our
remote home at 8:00 P.M on a
Sunday evening and also caution-
ed us to keep mum. I know
that the F.B.I is doing what they
can to get a line on these discs.
This may help a little. A few
nights ago there was a very bright
[HANDWRITTEN: ring] around the moon, when I
looked at it thru' the same
glasses, I could barely see the
ring, so this proves that what
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transcript

A handwritten document speculating on the mechanics of a projectile tracer system, possibly related to testing or covert operations over Lake Erie.

(2)
If they were to drop a bomb here and let it explode, it would cause a lot of excitement, and if they dropped one that didn't explode and someone found it then there would be excitement. So to avoid this, they pick some point in Lake Erie, let their agents over here, know at what place and time to look for it. If the projectile plunged in the lake, the range finders wouldn't have any way to tell just where it dropped, so the projectile must have some sort of tracer. So at a certain distance from the earth some sort of tracer is released, probably something like a pin-wheel fire cracker. It must remain in the sky a while, to give the range finders a fix or whatever you call it. But in order to remain in the sky it must be in motion, so this tracer is made to fly in a circle. Because it was 2
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letter

A handwritten letter from N. J. Marshall of Covington, Ohio, expressing concern about a sighting and offering assistance to the FBI, received on February 3, 1948.

[HANDWRITTEN: (41)]
we saw was something
definate.
I think this is serious busi-
ness. So if this letter helps
you in any way, I will be
well paid.

Respectfully yours,
N. J. MARSHALL
N. J. Marshall
Covington, Ohio
R. R. 1.

[STAMP: 11 30 AM INTERNAL SECURITY F.B.I.]
[STAMP: FEB 3 2 01 PM '48]
[STAMP: U S DEPT OF JUSTICE F B I RECEIVED]
[HANDWRITTEN: MR. JONES 4]
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letter

A formal letter from FBI Director John Edgar Hoover to Mr. N. J. Marshall acknowledging receipt of a letter dated January 29, 1948.

February 5, 1948

[HANDWRITTEN: MS OK] [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-139]
RECORDED
EX-93
Mr. N. J. Marshall
Rural Route One
Covington, Ohio

Dear Mr. Marshall:

Your letter dated January 29, 1948, has been received, and I want to express my appreciation to you for having made known your views concerning the matter you mentioned.

Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

[HANDWRITTEN: 2-7-48] [HANDWRITTEN: G.I.R. 4] [HANDWRITTEN: RW]

[HANDWRITTEN: m]
Mr. Tolson
Mr. E. A. Tamm
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Pennington
Mr. Quinn Tamm
Tele. Room
Mr. Neese
Miss Gandy

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED
FEB 6 1948 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

[HANDWRITTEN: 50 FEB 19 1948] [HANDWRITTEN: 11 30 PM] [HANDWRITTEN: m9 Ks] FEB 5 3 22 PM '48 RECEIVED READING ROOM F B I

PAGE 34

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memo

A memo from the San Francisco FBI office to the Director requesting clarification on whether new Air Force instructions regarding the investigation of flying discs supersede existing Bureau policy (Bulletin No. 57).

Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
San Francisco 2, California
February 12, 1948

AIR MAIL
PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL [HANDWRITTEN: declassified 2010 8/31/77]
Director, FBI - Attention: Assistant Director D. M. LADD
Re: FLYING DISCS
Security Matter - X

Dear Sir:

I am transmitting herewith for the information of the Bureau copies of an enclosure dated February 4, 1948 received from Lieutenant Colonel DONALD SPRINGER, A-2, United States Air Force, Hamilton Air Force Base, California. This enclosure is a confidential letter addressed to the Commanding Generals of the First, Second, Fourth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth Air Forces, Air Defense Command, from Headquarters, Air Defense Command, Mitchel Air Force Base, New York, by command of Lieutenant General STRATEMEYER. It concerns the investigation of flying discs by Air Force personnel.

Your attention is particularly called to Paragraph 2, which indicates that certain reports concerning the investigation of flying discs by Air Force Intelligence will be reported to the FBI office concerned. Your attention is further called to Paragraph 2-B, which indicates that "investigations will be coordinated with the FBI Office concerned........"

Inasmuch as these recent instructions of the Headquarters, Air Defense Command, Mitchel Air Force Base, New York, are contrary to the instructions contained in Bureau Bulletin No. 57, Series 1947, dated October 1, 1947, in which it is indicated that all future reports connected with flying discs should be referred to the Air Force and no investigative action taken by Bureau agents, the Bureau is requested to advise this office, as well as other interested Bureau offices, as to whether there has been a change in Bureau policy with reference to the handling of such matters or whether Bureau Bulletin No. 57 dated October 1, 1947 is still in effect.

Very truly yours,

HARRY M. KIMBALL, SAC
[HANDWRITTEN: Memo to S.F. 2-20-48 RGF HMK:emb encl detached placed with memo of 2/20 rgf]
Enclosure (in duplicate)
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-140]
[HANDWRITTEN: 5-R9]
[STAMP: COPIES DESTROYED 70 NOV 18 1964]
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letter

A letter from the FBI San Francisco office to the Director of the FBI requesting clarification on policy regarding the investigation of 'flying discs' in light of conflicting instructions from the Air Defense Command.

Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
San Francisco, California
February 12, 1948

[HANDWRITTEN: 2/18/48]

PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL
Director, FBI - Attention: Assistant Director D. M. LADD
RE: FLYING DISCS
SECURITY MATTER - X

Dear Sir:

I am transmitting herewith for the information of the Bureau copies of an
enclosure dated February 9, 1948, received from Lieutenant Colonel DONALD SPRINGER,
United States Air Force, Hamilton Air Force Base, California. This enclosure
is a confidential letter addressed to the Commanding General of the First
Fourth, and Continental Air Command and concerns the investigation of flying discs by
Lieutenant General NATHAN F. TWINING, New York. Your command of
Air Force personnel.

Your attention is particularly called to paragraph 2, which indicates that
certain reports concerning the investigation of flying discs by Air Force intelligence
will be reported to the FBI office addressed. Your attention is further called to
paragraph 2-d, which indicates that "investigations will be coordinated with the
FBI office concerned" [REDACTED].

Inasmuch as these present instructions of the Headquarters Air Defense
Command, New York, are contrary to the instructions of the FBI Bureau contained
in Bureau Bulletin No. 57, Series 1947, dated October 1, 1947, in which it
is indicated that all future reports connected with flying discs should
be referred to the Air Force and no investigation taken by Bureau agents,
the Bureau is requested to advise this office, as well as other interested
offices, as to whether there has been a change in Bureau policy with reference to
the handling of such matters, or whether Bureau Bulletin No. 57, dated October 1, 1947,
is still in effect.

Very truly yours,

HARRY M. KIMBALL
Special Agent in Charge

(In duplicate)

[HANDWRITTEN: 2-16]
[HANDWRITTEN: 2-16]
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memo

This is a 1948 Air Defense Command memo establishing procedures for the investigation and reporting of 'flying disc' incidents, including coordination with the FBI and the use of CIC personnel.

CONFIDENTIAL

Headquarters
Air Defense Command
Mitchel Air Force Base, New York

4 February 1948

D 333.5 (CIB)

SUBJECT: Investigation and Reporting of "Flying Disc" Incidents

TO: Commanding Generals, First, Second, Fourth, Tenth, Eleventh, and Fourteenth Air Forces, Air Defense Command
ATTN: AC of S, A-2

1. The numbered air forces of this command are responsible for the prompt investigation and reporting of incidents relating to "flying discs" which occur within their respective areas. Numbered air force A-2s, after evaluating disc incidents, will determine the extent of investigation. Futile expenditure of military funds and manpower must be avoided.

2. "Flying discs" will be investigated as provided for in Counter Intelligence Incident Cases, taking cognizance of the USAF Operating Intelligence Echelon structure. Where it is evident that witnesses, who were together at the time of incident but who are widely separated at the time of investigation would corroborate each other's story, only one witness need be interrogated. If there is a reasonable indication that a reported incident is a hoax or the fabrication of a publicity seeking individual, no further investigative effort will be expended. However, a report of such circumstances will be submitted to the FBI office concerned.

a. CIC personnel attached to the numbered air forces of this command may be utilized to prosecute the investigation of subject incidents.

b. Investigations will be coordinated with the FBI Office concerned in accordance with instructions contained in letter, this headquarters, D 333.3 EX, subject, "Cooperation of FBI with AAF on Investigation of 'Flying Disc' Incidents," 3 September 1947.

3. Reports will be narrative in style and will cover only those facts pertinent to the subject. Where source credibility cannot be established, or when an incident lacks foundation, the report will merely state same. Two types of report will be submitted on all incidents.

a. Spot Reports (fragmentary reports) will be submitted on all incidents and will be followed by a Letter Report.

b. Letter Reports will be submitted to report the completed investigation of all "flying disc" incidents.

4. Reports will be submitted in duplicate promptly, usually be regular mail. However, Spot reports on incidents of substantial character, i. e., those in which the patent credibility of the witness is beyond challenge and whose technical [HANDWRITTEN: 67-83894-140]

ENCLOSURE
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memo

This document provides instructions for reporting observations of non-atmospheric or non-celestial phenomena, specifying that reports should be sent to USAF Headquarters and classified at least CONFIDENTIAL.

backgrou[ILLEGIBLE] is compatible with his observations of an occurrence obviously not atmospheric o celestial phenomena, may be transmitted by TWX. Reports will be submitted directly to Headquarters, USAF, ATTN: Directorate of Intelligence, Air Intelligence Requirements Branch. One informational copy of each report submitted will be forwarded to this command, ATTN: AC of S, Intelligence. Reports will be classified at least CONFIDENTIAL.

BY COMMAND OF LIEUTENANT GENERAL STRATEMEYER:

RICHARD W. GEUSS
Captain, USAF
Actg Asst Adj Gen
Page 39

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memo

An FBI memo to the San Francisco SAC clarifying that the Bureau is not conducting investigations into flying discs and will coordinate with the Air Forces regarding any information received.

SAC, San Francisco February 20, 1948
Director, FBI
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-140]
RECORDED FLYING DISCS
EX-116 SECURITY MATTER - X
Reference is made to your letter in the captioned matter dated February 12, 1948.

You are advised that Bureau Bulletin No. 57 dated October 1, 1947, still applies with respect to flying discs. The Bureau is conducting no investigations concerning flying discs. We will, however, give the Air Forces any information which comes to our attention and will receive any information which the Air Forces volunteer.

The Headquarters of the Air Forces in Washington are being contacted by the Bureau in order to insure that there is no misunderstanding as to the Bureau's position in this matter.

RGF:rb
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Tolson Mr. E. A. Tamm Mr. Clegg Mr. Glavin Mr. Ladd Mr. Nichols Mr. Rosen Mr. Tracy Mr. Egan Mr. Gurnea Mr. Harbo Mr. Mohr Mr. Pennington Mr. Quinn Tamm Tele. Room Mr. Nease Miss Gandy]
[STAMP: COMMUNICATIONS SECTION MAILED 2 FEB 21 1948 P.M. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE]
[STAMP: 3 MAR 8 1948]
[HANDWRITTEN: EAM]
[HANDWRITTEN: R7]

PAGE 40

Page 41

PAGE 41

memo

An FBI internal memorandum regarding the coordination of flying disc investigations between the FBI and the Air Defense Command, clarifying that the FBI is no longer conducting such investigations.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Mr. Ladd DATE: 3/1/48
FROM : V. P. Keay [HANDWRITTEN: 3/4/48]
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS
SECURITY MATTER - X

[HANDWRITTEN: mem]

Reference is made to a memorandum to you from Mr. J. P. Coyne in the above-captioned matter dated February 19, 1948. The memorandum indicated that the San Francisco Field Division had received a letter from the headquarters of the Air Defense Command, Mitchel Air Force Base, New York, dated February 4, 1948, entitled, "Investigation and Reporting of 'Flying Disc' Incidents." This communication indicated that investigations should be coordinated with the FBI.

The Agent in Charge of the San Francisco Field Division inquired as to a change in policy regarding the investigation of flying discs. A letter was forwarded to San Francisco advising them that there had been no change in the Bureau's policy. This matter has been discussed by Special Agent S. W. Reynolds of the Liaison Section with Lieutenant Colonel C. P. Martin of the Intelligence Division of the Air Force. Colonel Martin advised Mr. Reynolds that apparently the Air Defense Command at Mitchel Field was not aware of the fact that the Bureau was no longer conducting investigations regarding flying discs. He stated that he would take the necessary action and straighten out the Air Defense Command as to the present policy regarding incidents of flying discs.

RECORDED [HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-141PP] [HANDWRITTEN: 5-8] [HANDWRITTEN: 29 MAR 9 1948] [HANDWRITTEN: 51 MAR 16 1948] SWR:md
Page 42

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other

This page contains a handwritten note at the top, likely a file reference or index number, with no other visible text.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      [HANDWRITTEN: 65 HS1 834228961 62 HQ 83894 Section 4] </td>, 
Page 43

PAGE 43

memo

An FBI office memorandum from J.P. Coyne to D.M. Ladd regarding a request from the San Francisco Field Division for clarification on policy concerning the investigation of flying discs.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Mr. D. M. Ladd [HANDWRITTEN: Fly] DATE: February 19, 1948
FROM : J. P. Coyne [HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE]]
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS [HANDWRITTEN: handled separately]
SECURITY MATTER - X

The attached letter from the San Francisco Field Division dated February 12, 1948, raises the question as to whether there has been a change in policy concerning the investigation of flying discs.

RECOMMENDATION:,

It is recommended that the information contained in the attached letter be discussed by the Liaison Section with the Air Forces.

ACTION:

A letter is attached to San Francisco advising them that there has been no change in Bureau policy. [HANDWRITTEN: HANDLE STOP DRP]

RGF:rb
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-142]
RECORDED
F B I
EX-39 29 MAR 9 1948
[HANDWRITTEN: 109]
51 MAR 16 1948
51 MAR 10
Page 44

PAGE 44

memo

This is a partially blank FBI office memorandum cover sheet dated February 20, 1948.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

RECEIVED-LADD
F B I
U S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
FEB 20 1 38 PM '48
Page 45

PAGE 45

letter

A letter from Senator Kenneth S. Wherry to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, forwarding a constituent's letter for review.

United States Senate
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS

March 22, 1948

[HANDWRITTEN: X encl 1]

Honorable J. Edgar Hoover, Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Department of Justice
Washington 25, D. C.

Dear Mr. Hoover:

Attached you will find letter which may or
may not be of interest to your office. However, I
felt it should be passed on to you for whatever the
information is worth.

Kindly return my constituent's letter
although if you wish you make a copy of it.

Cordially yours,
[HANDWRITTEN: Kenneth S. Wherry]
KENNETH S. WHERRY

KSW:emn-3

Enc.

[HANDWRITTEN: Flying Discs]
[HANDWRITTEN: K 109 ENCL]
[HANDWRITTEN: K]
RECORDED & INDEXED
162-83894-143
F B I
31 MAR 27 1948
[HANDWRITTEN: 109]
[HANDWRITTEN: 3/24/48 JMP]
[HANDWRITTEN: Filed]
Page 46

PAGE 46

letter

A letter from Kenneth L. Frasier to Senator Kenneth Wherry reporting a sighting of an unidentified high-speed object in the sky over Benkelman, Nebraska, on March 13, 1948.

C
O
P
Y

Benkelman, Nebraska
March 14, 1948

Mr. Kenneth Wherry
United States Senate
Washington, D. C.

Dear Mr. Wherry:

On March 13 at 2:30, M.S.T. o'clock in
the afternoon I witnessed a strange sight in the
sky traveling at a very high rate of speed at a
very high altitude.

I was first attracted to this sight by
a noise of motor or whatever it was. It sound_
to me like that of a train rumbling in the distance
of from 10 to 12 miles on a still day.

At first glance it looked like it might
be a vapor trail left by a high flying plane. But
the white streak that was in the sky never changed
its shape or did it change in the direction of travel.

It traveled much faster than any plane I
have seen traveling in sky high enough to leave vapor
trail.

As near as I can describe this sight was
that it might appear to be a stream lined train
traveling at a very high altitude at very high rate
of speed.

This rocket or whatever it might have been
was high enough to disappear from sight while it
was yet very far above the horizon.

I am not writing this so that it might
seem to be another disc, fan or whatever you might
call them. I just saw this and it has been on my
mind and I thought if there was anything that I
could be of help to solve this thing I would write
this to you and you can forward this to the proper
Dept. if it is necessary. Thanking you kindly

Yours Truly
/s/ Kenneth L. Frasier
[HANDWRITTEN: ENCLOSURE 62.83894-143]
[HANDWRITTEN: HANDLED BY TOP DESK]

P.S.
This object was traveling from east to west. It
looked like it might have traveled over Denver,
Page 47

PAGE 47

transcript

A transcript of a statement by Kenneth L. Frazier describing his observation of an unidentified object in the sky, which he distinguishes from a meteor seen over Norton, Kansas.

C
O
P
Y
KENNETH L. FRAZIER

Colo. or a little to the south.

I live almost due east about 180 mi. by
air and I looked to the south a little to be able to
get sight of object.

This object was also witnessed by my son
who was with me at the time.

I saw the smoke cloud left by so called
meteor which exploded over at Norton Kans. This
object was not a bright ball of fire like it was.

The silver streak in the sky traveled as
if it were a long connected streak. This did not
resemble a line of smoke left by a train traveling
along it moved altogether as a unit. If it is not
against any regulation and if possible would like to
have answer to this object.

C
O
P
Y
Page 48

PAGE 48

letter

A letter from J. Edgar Hoover to Senator Kenneth S. Wherry, informing him that a constituent's letter regarding a matter outside the FBI's jurisdiction has been forwarded to the Secretary of the Army.

March 24, 1948

RECORDED [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-143] [HANDWRITTEN: 109]

Honorable Kenneth S. Wherry
United States Senate
Washington, D. C.

My dear Senator:

Your letter of March 22, 1948,
with enclosure, has been received. Since
the subject matter mentioned in your con-
stituent's letter is not within the scope
of authority of this Bureau, I have taken
the liberty of forwarding a copy of his
letter and yours to the Secretary of the
Army, National Defense Building, Washing-
ton, D. C., for his information. Your
thoughtfulness in bringing this to my
attention is indeed appreciated. I am
enclosing a copy of my letter to Mr.
Fraster which I thought you might like
to have for your files, together with his
letter.

With expressions of my highest
esteem and best regards,

Sincerely yours,

J. Edgar Hoover

Enclosure
Incoming from Fraster and copy of our letter to him.
VWP:jec

[HANDWRITTEN: jec] [HANDWRITTEN: m v] [HANDWRITTEN: J B]

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 3
MAR 25 1948 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

PAGE 49

Page 50

PAGE 50

letter

A letter from FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to Mr. Kenneth L. Frasier, informing him that his inquiry regarding a matter outside the FBI's jurisdiction has been forwarded to the Secretary of the Army.

March 24, 1948
RECORDED 62-83894-143 [HANDWRITTEN: 109]
Mr. Kenneth L. Frasier
Benkelman, Nebraska

Dear Mr. Frasier:

Your letter dated March 14, 1948, to the Honorable Kenneth S. Wherry, United States Senator, has been referred to me for attention. Since the matter you mentioned is not within the scope of authority of this Bureau, I have taken the liberty of furnishing a copy of your communication to the Secretary of the Army, National Defense Building, Washington, D. C., and in the event you have any additional information, it is suggested you may desire to communicate with him.

Sincerely yours,
J. Edgar Hoover
John Edgar Hoover
Director

CC: Senator Wherry - Under separate cover.

Name of town per Postal Guide

VWP:jec
[HANDWRITTEN: jec]
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 3
MAR 25 1948 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
[HANDWRITTEN: 4/]
[HANDWRITTEN: 71APR7-1948]

PAGE 51

Page 52

PAGE 52

letter

A letter from Senator Kenneth S. Wherry to J. Edgar Hoover thanking him for forwarding a letter from Kenneth L. Frasier to the proper authorities.

United States Senate
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
April 1, 1948

The Honorable J. Edgar Hoover
Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
Washington 25, D. C.

Dear Mr. Hoover:

Thank you very much for forwarding
Mr. Kenneth L. Frasier's letter to the proper
authorities. Your cooperation in this instance
was deeply appreciated.

Cordially yours
[HANDWRITTEN: Kenneth S. Wherry]
KENNETH S. WHERRY

KSW:f*

[HANDWRITTEN: Flying Disc]
[HANDWRITTEN: 322]
[HANDWRITTEN: 50 APR 19 1948]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED & INDEXED 62-83894-144 F B I 34 APR 9 1948]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-103 47]
[HANDWRITTEN: File copy]
Page 53

PAGE 53

memo

An FBI memo from the Atlanta office to the Director regarding information provided by Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant, including the forwarding of clippings to the Dallas and San Antonio offices.

Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
Post Office Box 1850
Atlanta 1, Georgia
August 10, 1948

AIRMAIL SPECIAL DELIVERY

Director, FBI

RE: MRS. MADELINE GWYNNE MERCHANT;
INFORMATION CONCERNING
[HANDWRITTEN: FLYING DISCS]

Dear Sir:

Transmitted herewith for the Bureau's information are copies of a letter, together with enclosure, from the above captioned individual. Inasmuch as there is no record in this office concerning captioned person, no reply has been made to instant letter, with the thought the Bureau may desire to acknowledge instant communication or communicate further concerning the matter with the Dallas Office.

For the information of the Bureau and the Dallas and San Antonio Offices, the clippings referred to are transmitted herewith to the Bureau, Dallas and San Antonio Offices, it being noted that Wichita Falls is covered by Dallas and Fort Sam Houston is covered by the San Antonio Office.

Very truly yours,
EDWIN J. FOLTZ
SAC

Enclosures - 5
cc-Dallas (Enc-3) AMSD
cc-San Antonio (Enc-3) AMSD

EJF:SL
[HANDWRITTEN: 5 ENCL]
[HANDWRITTEN: 61]
[HANDWRITTEN: mis Hawayko]
[HANDWRITTEN: recd 8/18/48]
[HANDWRITTEN: has women nut]
[HANDWRITTEN: No action]
[HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894 145]
[HANDWRITTEN: 11 AUG 12 1948]
[HANDWRITTEN: FOR]
[HANDWRITTEN: CR]
Page 54

PAGE 54

letter

A letter from the FBI Atlanta office to the Director of the FBI regarding information received from Mrs. Madeline Wynne, noting that the subject is not known to the Atlanta office and suggesting coordination with the Dallas office.

Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
Post Office Box 1880
Atlanta 1, Georgia
August 10, 1948

INTERNAL SECURITY - AIR

Director, FBI

RE: MRS. MADELINE WYNNE, AKA;
INFORMATION CONCERNING

Dear Sir:

Transmitted herewith for the Bureau's information are
copies of a letter, together with enclosures, from the above
captioned individual. Inasmuch as there is no record in this
Office concerning the captioned person, no reply has been made to
instant letter, with the thought the Bureau may desire to commu-
nicate concerning instant communication or further concerning the matter with the Dallas Office.

For the information of the Bureau and the Dallas and San
Antonio Offices, the clippings referred to are transmitted herewith. It is noted that White Sands is covered by San Anto-
nio and not by Dallas and Fort Worth.

Very truly yours,

EDWIN J. HINCH
SAC

Enclosures - 2
San Antonio (Enc-2)
Dallas (Enc-2)

[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE]]

[STAMP: RECEIVED
Aug 17 9 30 AM '48
INTERNAL SECURITY SN
F B I
U S DEPT OF JUSTICE]
Page 55

PAGE 55

blank

This is a blank page with a handwritten note indicating it is empty.

[HANDWRITTEN: EMPTY 11-18-64 #270]
Page 56

PAGE 56

letter

A letter from the Air Materiel Command to the FBI Laboratory requesting analysis of a soil sample taken from a depression allegedly caused by a flying saucer.

HEADQUARTERS
AIR MATERIEL COMMAND

MCIAXO-3/FWA/aw
Wright-Patterson AF Base
9 September 1948

Director
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Department of Justice
Washington, D. C.
ATTN: FBI Laboratory

SUBJECT: Project "SIGN"

Gentlemen:

Accompanying this letter is a small sample of soil. This soil was taken from a depression reputed to have been caused by a "flying saucer" described as being approximately two feet in diameter and one foot thick which supposedly settled gently to the ground, rebounded to a height of about twenty feet and then continued on its journey. Although the declivity was immediately covered by a large washtub a heavy rain subsequently filled the depression about one/third full of water before any sample of dirt could be taken.

In an effort to approach this incident objectively to determine every possible clue, it has been deemed advisable to have this soil sample analyzed and tested. Upon inquiry, your Dayton representative stated that the FBI Laboratory would accomplish the required tests.

It is the desire of this Headquarters to ascertain, in particular, if there are traces of unusual elements or alloys adhering to the surface of the particles, or if any abnormality in structure exists showing that the soil was subjected to intense heat, gases or radio-active substances, etc. Unfortunately, in this regard, no one thought to forward a sample of the soil surrounding the depression so no comparison of soils can be made at this time. Should the subsequent test show anything unusual some arrangement could be made to procure some of the surrounding soil so that a comparative analysis could be made. The accompanying sample has not been tested by any other agency, nor will it be.

[HANDWRITTEN: 3B-CO L-32]
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-146]
[HANDWRITTEN: init 9/14]
[HANDWRITTEN: A-32 9/17/48]
[HANDWRITTEN: 9/22/48]
[HANDWRITTEN: Lab report RHJ 10/2/48]
[HANDWRITTEN: COPIES DESTROYED 270 NOV 18 1964]
Page 57

PAGE 57

memo

A memo from the Technical Intelligence Division regarding the disposal of a sample related to Project SIGN if tests yield no significant findings.

[HANDWRITTEN: Confidential]
Project "SIGN"
9 Sept 1948
Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation

In the event the tests show nothing warranting further investigation you may dispose of the sample. The report should be addressed to this Command marked for the attention of MCIAXO-3. This Division will appreciate your cooperation in this matter.

Very truly yours,

[HANDWRITTEN: James J Hausman]
for W. R. CLINGERMAN [HANDWRITTEN: Lt Col USAF]
Colonel, USAF
Chief, Technical Intelligence
Division
Intelligence Department

Incl

2
[HANDWRITTEN: Confidential]
Page 58

PAGE 58

report

This is an FBI Laboratory report regarding the microscopic examination of a soil sample (Q1) received from the Air Materiel Command at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The examination found no evidence of unusual elements, alloys, extreme heat, or radioactive substances.

REPORT
of the
FBI
LABORATORY
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
WASHINGTON D. C.

October 7, 1948
To:
Commanding General
Air Materiel Command
Wright-Patterson AF Base
Dayton, Ohio
Attention: MCIAXO-3

There follows the report of the FBI Laboratory on the examination
of evidence received from your office on September 17, 1948.
[HANDWRITTEN: John Edgar Hoover, Director]

Re:
YOUR FILE NO.
FBI FILE NO.
LAB. NO.

Examination requested by:
Examination of Soil
Reference:

Examination requested:
RECORDED - 98 62-83894 -146
PC-23142 CO

Specimens:
Addressee
Letter dated September 9, 1948
Microscopic (Petrographic-Geologic)

Q1 Sample of soil.

Results of Examination:

The sample of soil designated as specimen Q1 consisted of various sized
pebbles, sand and dirt. This material was examined for the presence of unusual
elements or alloys adhering to the surface of the particles, evidence of intense
heat and radioactive substances.

Nothing unusual was noted on the pebbles or the sand and dirt that
would indicate a metallic object had rubbed or scraped against this sample. No
abnormality was noted in the structure of the various pebbles and rocks, nor
was there any indication of extreme heat or the presence of radioactive sub-
stances.

The specimen designated as Q1 will be returned to your office under
separate cover by registered mail.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
RHJ/mek
Page 59

PAGE 59

form

This is an FBI Laboratory Work Sheet documenting the petrographic and geologic examination of a soil sample (Q1) submitted under Project SIGN. The examination, conducted by Jevons, found no unusual characteristics, metal, or signs of extreme heat in the sample.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Laboratory Work Sheet

RECORDED
9/22/48
kag

Re: Project "SIGN"
Examination of Soil.

File # 62-83894-146
Lab. # PC-23142 CO

Examination requested by: Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson
[REDACTED] AF Base, Dayton, Ohio Attention: MCIAXO-3

Date of reference communication: letter 9/9
Date received: 9/17
Evid. 9/14 Reg.1171535

Examination requested: Micro (Petrographic-Geologic)

Result of Examination: [HANDWRITTEN: 9/30/48]

Examination by: JEVONS

Specimens submitted for examination [HANDWRITTEN: Leherpal 10/1/48]

Q1, Sample of soil.
[HANDWRITTEN: Consisted of various sized pebbles, sand & dirt. most of the larger pieces were examined individually for presences of metal adhering to them. Nothing unusual noted on the pebbles or in the sand & dirt - Structures, normal. No indication of extreme heat. Does not activate geiger counter or X-Ray spectrometer.]

COPIES DESTROYED
270 NOV 18 1964
Page 60

PAGE 60

form

This is an FBI Laboratory Work Sheet regarding the examination of a soil sample (Q1) for Project SIGN, requested by the Air Materiel Command at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Laboratory Work Sheet

RECORDED
9/22/48
kag

[HANDWRITTEN: L-40 Records Section]

Re: Project "SIGN"
Examination of Soil.

File # 62-83894-146
Lab. # PC-23142 CO

Examination requested by: Commanding General, Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson
[REDACTED] AF Base, Dayton, Ohio Attention: MCIAXO-3

Date of reference communication: letter 9/9
Date received: 9/17
Evid. 9/14 Reg.1171535

Examination requested: Micro (Petrographic-Geologic)

Result of Examination:
Examination by: JEVONS

[HANDWRITTEN: Returned 10/18/48 Reg. mail.]

Specimens submitted for examination

Q1, Sample of soil.
Page 61

PAGE 61

letter

A handwritten letter sent to the FBI from Valley City, N.D., expressing a hope that the recipient will not discard the correspondence, filed under the subject of 'Flying Discs'.

609 Conkling
Valley City, N.D.
Oct. 15, 1948

F.B.I.
Washington, D.C.
Dear Sir:
I trust that
whoever reads this
will do
more than
just toss
it in a
waste basket!

[HANDWRITTEN: recd 10-19-48 Fry]
[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE]]
[HANDWRITTEN: FILED]

[HANDWRITTEN: Flying Discs]

RECORDED - 51
162-83894-147
F B I
23 OCT 22 1948
EX-49
Page 62

PAGE 62

cover-page

This is a cover page containing a date stamp from the FBI Internal Security section.

RECEIVED
Nov 23 3 19 PM '48
INTERNAL SECURITY SN
F B I
U.S. DEPT OF JUSTICE

[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE]]
Page 63

PAGE 63

letter

A formal acknowledgment letter from FBI Director John Edgar Hoover to Mrs. R. B. Holiday, thanking her for a letter she sent on October 15, 1948.

October 19, 1948

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-147]

Mrs. R. B. Holiday
609 Conkling
Valley City, North Dakota

Dear Mrs. Holiday:

Your letter dated October 15, 1948, has been received and I do want to thank you for the patriotic motives which prompted you to make available your thoughts concerning the subject you mentioned.

Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

[HANDWRITTEN: FRY:mh]

[HANDWRITTEN: initials]

[STAMP: RECEIVED READING ROOM F B I U.S. DEPT OF JUSTICE OCT 19 6 25 PM 48]

[STAMP: COMMUNICATIONS SECTION MAILED 13 OCT 20 1948 P.M. FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE]

[STAMP: OCT 21 3 12 PM 48]

[STAMP: U. S. DEPT OF JUSTICE F B I RECEIVED-TVDO]

[HANDWRITTEN: 98]

[HANDWRITTEN: 5 NOV 24 1948]

Mr. Tolson
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Pennington
Mr. Quinn Tamm
Tele. Room
Mr. Nease
Miss Gandy
Page 64

PAGE 64

other

This page is a document cover sheet or routing slip containing various date stamps and administrative markings, including FBI and Department of Justice receipt stamps from October 1948.

INDEXED - 21
RECORDED - 21

[HANDWRITTEN: 147]

[HANDWRITTEN: 147]

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 13
OCT 30 1948

RECEIVED-LADD
F B I
U S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
OCT 21 3 45 PM '48

[HANDWRITTEN: 2 1948 30 T'930 2]
Page 65

PAGE 65

form

This is a Federal Bureau of Investigation shipping invoice form dated October 7, 1948, regarding the transfer of soil samples to the Air Materiel Command at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base under Project SIGN.

L-26
ice of Contents from
BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
SHINGTON, D. C.

Date
October 7, 1948
Case References
62-83894; Project "SIGN"

Consigned to:
Commanding General
Air Materiel Command
Wright-Patterson AF Base
Dayton, Ohio
Examination of Soil

Attention: MCIAXO-3
List of Contents
PC-23142 CO

Mr. Harbo, 7641
Mr. Conrad, 7142
Mr. Downing, 6228 IB
Mr. Sizoo, 7601
Mr. Baughman, 7121

[HANDWRITTEN: 10/18/48]

[HANDWRITTEN: 61 OCT 18 RHJ/mek]

REGISTERED
497699
62-83894

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: Mail Room, place date of shipment and registry number; Shipping Room, show date of shipment and initial this invoice; then return it to person whose name is checked in column at right. After this checked name has been initialled, invoice should be placed in administrative file.
Page 66

PAGE 66

memo

An FBI teletype regarding a report from Lonnie Edward Noack and Nathan Smith about finding a 'flying disk' at an airport in the Mojave Desert, which was later identified as an experimental toy kite.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION

DEC 28 1948
[HANDWRITTEN: Fletcher]
TELETYPE

FBI, LOS ANGELES 12-28-48 5-35
DIRECTOR AND SACS HOUSTON, CINCINNATI URGENT
ATTENTION INSPECTOR HOWARD FLETCHER

FLYING DISK, LONNIE EDWARD NOACK COMPLAINT. RE HOUSTON TELETYPE
DEC. TWENTY EIGHT. MR. R.C. PERSONS, VASCO [REDACTED] ELECTRIC MANUFACTURING
COMPANY, LA, PRESENTLY IN ARIZONA, EXACT WHEREABOUTS UNKNOWN TO HIS
OFFICE, EXPECTED TO CALL MORNING OF DEC. TWENTY NINE. MR. NATHAN
SMITH, SMITH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, SOUTH PASADENA, CALIF. ADVISED HE
AND PERSONS PURCHASED AIRPORT IN MOJAVE DESERT NEAR HELENDALE,
CALIF. STATED THAT IN EARLY PART OF DEC. EXACT DATE UNKNOWN, PERSONS
ADVISED HIM HE HAD FOUND A FLYING DISK ON THEIR AIRPORT. MR. AND MRS.
SMITH, PERSONS, AND LONNIE NOACK PROCEEDED TO AIRPORT WHERE THEY
LOCATED DISK, TOOK PICTURES OF IT AND REMOVED [REDACTED] PORTIONS
OF DISK, NOACK RETAINING SOME PARTS AND SMITH KEEPING
SOME PORTIONS WHICH ARE STILL IN HIS POSSESSION. SMITH ADVISED
THAT DAY AFTER LOCATING THE DISK AN EMPLOYEE OBSERVED PARTS RETAINED
BY SMITH, AND STATED HE BELIEVED THE OBJECT HAD BEEN MANUFACTURED
BY OLSEN AND RICE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, TOY MANUFACTURERS LA. SMITH
STATED HE THEN CONTACTED OLSEN AND RICE WHO STATED THEY WERE FIN-
ANCING CLAUDE LEROY WOLFERT LA IN DEVELOPING A KITE FOR [REDACTED] SALE
ON OPEN MARKET AS A TOY. SMITH STATED HE HAD PREVIOUSLY GIVEN
OLSEN AND RICE PERSMISSION TO USE HIS PRIVATE AIRPORT AT ANY TIME.
OLSEN AND RICE TOLD SMITH THEY HAD TAKEN EXPERIMENTAL KITES TO SMITHS
END PAGE ONE
[HANDWRITTEN: 68 162-83894-148]
[HANDWRITTEN: 60 JAN 5 1949]

PAGE 67

Page 68

PAGE 68

report

This report details an investigation into a large model kite/object, including statements from Smith and Henry T. Rice regarding its construction, testing, and abandonment at a private airport.

PAGE TWO

AIRPORT AND UPON DETERMING KITES NOT PRACTICAL HAD ABANDONED THE PROJECT. SMITH STATED HE HAD TAKEN SIXTEEN MM PICTURES WHICH ARE PRESENTLY BEING DEVELOPED. STATED WOULD MAKE PICTURES AND PARTS FROM OBJECT AVAILABLE TO THIS OFFICE. SMITH DESCRIBED OBJECT AS APPROXIMATELY SIX FEET IN DIAMETER, CONSISTING OF DISK MOUNTED ON AXEL WITH BEARINGS, WINGS ON EITHER SIDE, TAIL SURFACE SUPPORTED ON BOOMS, CUP MOUNTED ON EACH WING TIP RESEMBLING ROCKET POWER CONTAINERS. SMITH STATED DID NOT OBSERVE ANY CHEMICAL OR OTHER MATTERIAL IN CONTAINERS WHICH COULD BE USED AS SELF PROPELLING FORCE. MR. HENRY T. RICE OF OLSEN AND RICE MANUFACTURING COMPANY ADVISED CLAUDE LEROY WOLFERT FINANCED BY THEIR COMPANY IN DEVELOPING TOY KITE, THAT WOLFERT HAD PROACHED IDEA OF MAKING LARGE MODEL TO BE USED AS TOW TARGET FOR AIRPLANES BUT RICE DECIDED THAT HE MAKE ONLY KITE SUITABLE FOR SALE AS TOYS. [REDACTED] HOWEVER, WOLFERT MADE LARGE MODEL APPROXIMATELY SIX FEET IN DIAMETER, WEIGHING FIFTY POUNDS, WHICH TOGETHER WITH OTHER MODEL HAD BEEN FLOWN IN DC THREE OWNED BY OLSEN AND RICE TO PRIVATE AIRPORT OF [REDACTED] PERSONS AND SMITH. RICE COULD NOT RECALL EXACT DATE, BUT [REDACTED] STATED [REDACTED] IT WAS IN EARLY PART OF DEC. RICE STATED DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED IN FLIGHT OF KITE, AND THAT IN VIEW OF SIZE OF LARGE MODEL IT WAS NECESSARY TO TOW IT BEHIND PLANE TO OBSERVE FLIGHT. STATED MODEL CRASHED AND OLSEN AND RICE ABANDONED EXPERIMENT LEAVING AIRPORT WITH WOLFERT REMAINING BEHIND TO CONDUCT FURTHER EXPERIMENTS. RICE STATED DID NOT KNOW THAT WOLFERT HAD LEFT THE LARGE MODEL AT THIS AIRPORT UNTIL ADVISED BY SMITH

END PAGE TWO
Page 69

PAGE 69

report

A report describing a metallic, shape-shifting object of approximately six feet in diameter, allegedly manufactured by an aircraft company and currently held in a private hangar under government surveillance.

TRUTH AND THEN RELEASING THIS MATERIAL AND THE SUBJECT
WITH WHICH THE TEXAS-MEXICO BORDER HAS PRESENTLY BEEN
DEALT WITH. THESE SAME PICTURES ARE MADE AVAILABLE TO
THIS OFFICE. THIS DESCRIBED OBJECT IS APPROXIMATELY SIX FEET IN DIA-
METER, CONSTRUCTED WITH MOUNTING ON ITS BEARINGS.
IT IS A METAL OBJECT, SHAPED AS SHOWN, AND MOULDED
ON BOTH SIDES WITH NICKEL LONES CONTAINING SMALL STAMPED RED
DOT SPHERES AND CIRCULAR PATTERNS IN CONTOURS WHICH ARE
ALSO AS DEPICTED IN THE DRAWING. EACH OF THESE HAS BEEN
MANUFACTURED BY THE [REDACTED] AIRCRAFT FINANCED BY THE [REDACTED] COMPANY.
IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE OBJECT CAN TRANSFORM INTO VARIOUS TYPES
OF SHAPES AS THE SITUATION MAY REQUIRE. THE OBJECT IS
PRESENTLY BEING HELD IN A PRIVATE HANGAR IN THE STATE OF
[REDACTED]. THE COST FOR THE EXACT SIZE BUT THE STATE HAS BEEN
ABLE TO KEEP THE SAME UNDER STRICT SURVEILLANCE AND
CONTROL SO AS NOT TO ALLOW ANY OF THIS TO LEAK TO THE PRESS.
IT IS HOPED THAT THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT WILL BE ABLE
TO SECURE THIS OBJECT AND STUDY THE SAME FOR THE BENEFIT
OF THE UNITED STATES.
Page 70

PAGE 70

memo

This page is the third page of a communication regarding the discovery of an object, noting that contact will be made with Smith, Rice, and Wolfert to obtain evidence.

PAGE THREE
THAT THEY HAD FOUND THE OBJECT. CONTACT WILL BE MADE WITH SMITH, RICE, AND WOLFERT, TO SECURE PHOTOGRAPHS AND SAMPLES. BUREAU WILL BE ADVISED.
HOOD
END
A IN ORDER
PLS
A 7-45 PM OK FBI WASH DC WJR
[ILLEGIBLE]
HOMR OK FBI HO UICF
CI OK FBI CI JW
CISC

PAGE 71

Page 72

PAGE 72

memo

An FBI memorandum detailing a report from SAC Willis regarding an object found by Lonnie Noack near Lone Pine, California, which was described as having wings and jet propulsion.

STANDARD FORM NO 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : MR. D. M. LADD
FROM : H. B. FLETCHER
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS
DATE: December 28, 1948

At 10:00 a.m. today, SAC Willis, Houston, called in and stated that Fuller Blackwell, a business man in Houston, Texas, had furnished certain pictures taken by a friend of his, Lonnie Noack of the Humboldt Oil Company, Houston, Texas, and had related that Noack had been flying with a friend in a private plane from California to Houston and that at a point about 30 miles east of Lone Pine, California, some object lying on the ground made a very strong reflection and they made a check to determine what would cause this bright reflection. They finally landed the plane and found an object which could be described as being 8' in diameter with wings about 4' long. The object is about 1' in thickness and in the center there appears to be some type of gyroscope. The wings apparently are fitted with some type of jet propulsion. An examination was made by Noack and his friend and they could find no identifying marks and took photographs of the object they observed.

SAC Willis stated he had informed Lieutenant Robert Fleming of the AAF, Ellington Field, and Captain Bush, the Army representative in Houston, of this object and that Noack would be interviewed that morning in the Houston Office with Lieutenant Fleming being present. Lieutenant Fleming wanted the statements of Noack taken down by a stenographer and he will furnish the stenographer for that purpose.

I instructed SAC Willis to furnish complete details of this matter by air mail special delivery, including a copy of the photograph. I further instructed that he furnish the same details to the proper field office because unquestionably the Bureau would want to run this thing out.

After talking with you, I phoned SAC Willis back and told him to insure the presence of a Bureau Agent at the time this object was examined by the Army Air Forces and that he should make proper arrangements with the office in California to see that an Agent was present. I also told him to advise me of the developments.

HBF:cmw
[HANDWRITTEN: 1/7/49]
[HANDWRITTEN: 42]
[HANDWRITTEN: 53 JAN 7 1949]
RECORDED - 137
INDEXED - 137
162-83894-149
F B I
34 JAN 4 1949
[HANDWRITTEN: W]
Page 73

PAGE 73

memo

This document is an FBI office memorandum regarding a witness report of unidentified objects in the sky, noting the witness's inability to provide photographs or detailed descriptions.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

[REDACTED]

[REDACTED] stated that [REDACTED] had been in [REDACTED] and had observed certain objects in the sky. He stated that he had been in a [REDACTED] and had observed these objects, which he described as being very bright, moving at a high rate of speed, and changing direction. He stated that he was unable to describe the object in any more detail, as the object was in the center of the [REDACTED] and was moving very rapidly, and he could not find any [REDACTED] of the object as he observed.

[REDACTED] stated he did not have any [REDACTED] of the [REDACTED] and that he had not been able to take any photographs of this object and that he had not been able to even observe it with binoculars. [REDACTED] stated that he had no [REDACTED] of the object and that he had no [REDACTED].

[REDACTED] stated he would like to furnish full details of his [REDACTED] and the [REDACTED] of the photographs to the [REDACTED] and that he would be glad to do so if the field office desired to have this information. He stated that he did not want to [REDACTED] this thing.

[REDACTED] stated he would like to [REDACTED] and that he would be glad to [REDACTED] by [REDACTED] and that he would be glad to [REDACTED] to [REDACTED].

RECEIVED-LADD
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
DEC 28 3 55 PM '48

RECEIVED
JAN 6 2 54 PM '49
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
Page 74

PAGE 74

memo

A teletype memo from FBI Houston reporting a complaint from Lonnie Edward Noack regarding a flying disk sighting near Lone Pine, California, and the subsequent attempt by Noack and others to photograph the object.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
DEC 28 1948
TELETYPE
FBI HOUSTON 12-28-48 1-12 PM CST EP
DIRECTOR, SACS CINCINNATI AND LOS ANGELES U R G E N T
ATTENTION INSPECTOR HOWARD FLETCHER
[HANDWRITTEN: DISCS] FLYING DISK. LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, COMPLAINANT. COMPLAINANT
RESIDING TWO NINE TWO ONE CHICAGO STREET, HOUSTON, CONTACTED THIS
OFFICE DECEMBER TWENTY SEVENTH ON CAPTIONED MATTER AND IN SIGNED
STATEMENT TODAY SUBMITTED THE FOLLOWING. NOACK, EMPLOYED AS A
MACHINIST BY HUMBLE OIL COMPANY, HOUSTON, LEFT HOUSTON BY COMMERCIAL
AIRLINE DECEMBER FIFTH LAST ON BUSINESS FOR HOLLYWOOD, CALIF. ON
MONDAY, DECEMBER SIXTH, CONTACTED R.C. PERSON, FOUR ONE ONE SIX AVALON
BLVD., LA., AN ACQUAINTANCE, WHO REMARKED OF HAVING SEEN ON THAT DATE,
SOME DISTANCE FROM HOLLYWOOD IN A DESERT AREA, WHAT APPEARED TO BE A
FLYING DISK. PERSON OPERATES VASCO ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURING CO., LA.,
ADAMS FIVE TWO EIGHT ONE. ON DECEMBER SEVENTH, NOACK, PERSON, AND
MR. AND MRS. NATHAN SMITH, ONE NAUGHT FIVE SOUTH PASADENA AVE., SOUTH
PASADENA, CALIF., DEPARTED BY PRIVATELY OWNED AUTOMOBILE IN SEARCH OF
DISK. SAME LOCATED APPROXIMATELY ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY MILES NORTHEAST
OF PASADENA AND ABOUT TWENTY MILES NORTHEAST OF LONE PINE, CALIF.
PERSON, SMITH, AND NOACK TOOK PHOTOGRAPHS OF DISK WITH MOVIE AND
SPEEDGRAPHIC CAMERAS. THE NOACK FILM WAS EIGHT MILLEMETERS IN SIZE
AND CAMERA MADE BY REVERE. DISK LOCATED DESERT AREA NEAR NINE HUNDRED
ACRES OF LAND OWNED BY PERSON AS PRIVATE AIRFIELD. NOACK HAD HIS FILM
DEVELOPED BY EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY AT UNKNOWN ADDRESS LOS PALMAS ST.,LA.
[HANDWRITTEN: 5 3 JAN 7 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: 12/28/48]
END PAGE ONE
Page 75

PAGE 75

cover-page

This is a cover page containing various date stamps from the FBI Communications Section and Internal Security Section, indicating receipt of a document in late 1948 and early 1949.

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
DEC 8 1948

[ILLEGIBLE]

RECEIVED-LADD
F B I
U. S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
DEC 28 3 55 PM '48

RECEIVED
JAN 6 2 55 PM '49

INTERNAL SECURITY SECTION
RECEIVED-DIRECT F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
DEC 28 2 52 PM '48
Page 76

PAGE 76

memo

This document describes the receipt of film footage by the Houston office showing a seven-foot diameter disk-shaped object with wings and jet propulsion cylinders, and the subsequent coordination with OSI representatives to investigate the object.

PAGE TWO

THESE FILMS RECEIVED NOACK, HOUSTON, BY MAIL DECEMBER TWENTY THIRD LAST. FILM SHOWS DISK TO BE APPROXIMATELY SEVEN FEET IN DIAMETER AND APPROXIMATELY TWO FEET THICK IN MIDDLE WITH FEATHER EDGE ON RIM. ABUTTING SAUCER IN MIDDLE AND ON BOTH SIDES ARE FOUR FOOT WINGS RESEMBLING CONVENTIONAL AIRPLANE TYPE. NO MARKINGS, NO RADIO, AND APPEARED TO HAVE LANDED AT GREAT SPEED. DISK IN COMPARATIVELY GOOD CONDITION. THE ENDS OF BOTH WINGS HAD ATTACHED A SMALL ALUMINUM CYLINDER APPARENTLY FOR JET PROPULSION. ONE OF THESE CYLINDERS OBTAINED BY NOACK AS SOUVENIR AND CURRENTLY IN POSSESION OF THIS OFFICE. FILM SIMILARLY MAINTAINED. SA ROBERT FLEMING, OSI REPRESENTATIVE, ELLINGTON FIELD, TEXAS, NOTIFIED DECEMBER TWENTY SEVENTH. NOACK FILM EXHIBITED THIS OFFICE INSTANT DATE AND SHOWS DISK IN ALL POSITIONS AND ARE AUTHENTIC. MR. FLEMING, OSI, ON DECEMBER TWENTY EIGHTH NOTIFIED DISTRICT COMMANDER, FIFTH OSI DISTRICT, WRIGHT FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO. SAC R. B. HOOD, LA., NOTIFIED TELEPHONICALLY OF ABOVE INFORMATION WITH REQUEST THAT HE MAINTAIN CONTACT WITH R. C. PERSON IN ORDER THAT BUREAU AGENTS MAY ASSIST OR ACCOMPANY OSI REPRESENTATIVES IN ACTUALLY OBSERVING AND RETRIEVING FLYING DISK. THIS ACTION TAKEN PER BUREAU INSTRUCTIONS. NO FACILITIES AVAILABLE HOUSTON FOR REPRODUCING MOVIE FILM OF NOACK, HOWEVER, STILL SHOTS CAN BE DEVELOPED BY COMPETENT

END PAGE TWO

PAGE 77

Page 78

PAGE 78

memo

This document is page three of a memo discussing the handling of film, negatives, and a jet propulsion wing tip, involving coordination between the FBI, OSI, and various field offices.

PAGE THREE
COMMERCIAL REPRESENTATIVES. ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY OSI, DAYTON, OHIO, NOT KNOWN AT THIS MOMENT AND IT IS POSSIBLE THEY MAY DESIRE FILM FOR REPRODUCTION THEIR FACILITIES THERE. IF BUREAU DESIRES LA OFFICE TO OBTAIN FROM PERSON AND SMITH THEIR FILM AND NEGATIVES, THIS MIGHT BE CONSIDERED. PICTURES TAKEN BY PERSON WITH FOUR BY FIVE SPEEDGRAPHIC CAMERA AND THZSE PICTURES SHOULD BE READILY AVAILABLE. NOACK FILM AND PART OF JET PROPULSION WING TIP BEING MAINTAINED HOUSTON AWAITING SUGGESTED DISPOSITION AND HANDLING BY EITHER BUREAU OR OSI. CINCINNATI OFFICE BEING MADE COGNIZANT TO COVER POSSIBILITY THAT BUREAU MAY DIRECT LIAISON WITH OSI, DAYTON. AMSD LETTER FOLLOWS TO BUREAU AND INTERESTED OFFICES ENCLOSING SIGNED STATEMENT OF NOACK.

WILLIS

END A IN O PLS
WA 225PM OK FBI WA LS
CI OK FBI CI JCL
LA OK FBI LA EDS
DISCM
[HANDWRITTEN: cc Mr. Fletcher]
Page 79

PAGE 79

memo

This page contains administrative stamps from the FBI Teletype Unit and Internal Security Division, indicating receipt of a document on December 28, 1948, and January 6, 1949.

RECEIVED TELETYPE UNIT
Dec 28 2 29 PM '48
F.B.I. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

[REDACTED]

RECEIVED-LADD
F B I
U. S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
Dec 28 3 55 PM '48

RECEIVED
INTERNAL SECURITY DIV
F B I
JAN 6 2 55 PM '48
U S DEPT OF JUSTICE
Page 80

PAGE 80

memo

An FBI teletype from Los Angeles regarding a flying disk report by Lonnie Edward Noack, identifying the recovered parts as belonging to a tow target constructed by Claude L. Wolford.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
DEC 29 1948
TELEMETER
[HANDWRITTEN: NA 3:00 AM 12-30-48 RWC]
[HANDWRITTEN: Bev]
[HANDWRITTEN: //]
WASH 10 FROM LOS ANGELES 29 9-07 PM
DIRECTOR ROUTINE
FLYING DISK, LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, [REDACTED] COMPLAINANT.
TELETYPES FROM HOUSTON AND LA TWENTYEIGHTH INSTANT. THRE [REDACTED]
THREE PARTS OF SUBJECT DESCRIBED BY NOACK SECURED FROM NATHAN
SMITH, LA AND EXHIBITED TO HENRY T. RICE, OHLSON AND RICE
MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THREE THREE FOUR ZERO [REDACTED] EMERY STREET,
LA. RICE POSITIVELY IDENTIFIED THESE PARTS AS COMING FROM
MODEL TOW TARGET CONSTRUCTED BY CLAUDE L. WOLFORD, FIVE FOUR
FIVE FOUR CHESLEY AVE., LA. ONE PART BEING STAMPED WOLFORD
[REDACTED] PLASTICS MOLDING CO., LA. TOW TARGET WAS TESTED BY
RICE AND WOLFORD USING RICE,S AIRPLANE OVER NATHAN SMITH,S
AIRFIELD NEAR HELENDALE, CALIF. THE TEST WAS A FAILURE, THE
TARGET CRASHED AND WAS ABANDONED AT THE AIRFIELD. NO FURTHER
INVESTIGATION BEING CONDUCTED AND THE THREE ITEMS SECURED FROM
SMITH WILL BE RETURNED TO HI M UNLESS BUREAU ADVISES TO
CONTAXXX CONTRARY. REPORT WILL BE SUBMITTED.
HOOD
RECORDED - 42
INDEXED - 42
CINCINNATI AND HOUSTON ADV. SEP.
[HANDWRITTEN: 63 JAN 10 12/30/48]
[HANDWRITTEN: See Fletcher memo 12/28/48]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-1]
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-154]
[HANDWRITTEN: F B I]
[HANDWRITTEN: JAN 3 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Tolson... Mr. Clegg... Mr. Glavin... Mr. Ladd... Mr. Nichols... Mr. Rosen... Mr. Tracy... Mr. Egan... Mr. Gurnes... Mr. Harbo... Mr. Mohr... Mr. Pennington... Mr. Quinn Tamm... Mr. Nease... Miss Gandy... Mr. Fletcher 1742]
[HANDWRITTEN: W. Fletcher Re: [ILLEGIBLE] 23-1]
[HANDWRITTEN: A. R. - 8]

PAGE 81

Page 82

PAGE 82

memo

An FBI memorandum from H. B. Fletcher to D. M. Ladd regarding a report of a flying disc in Houston, which was later identified by the Los Angeles office as a tow kite manufactured by the Olson and Rice Manufacturing Company.

STANDARD FORM NO 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : MR. D. M. LADD [HANDWRITTEN: 12/27] DATE: December 28, 1948
FROM : H. B. FLETCHER
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS [HANDWRITTEN: 48 2/19]

Reference is made to the teletype of December 28, 1948, from the Houston Office.

At 3:30 p.m., I called SAC Hood of the Los Angeles Office and instructed that he attempt to locate Mr. Person and Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Smith, secure photographs and film in their possession and also secure from them the location of the described flying disc. I also instructed that Mr. Hood send out sufficient Agents to find the disc and guard it until it could be properly handled by the appropriate Government authority. I also telephoned the Houston Office and told them to send in the photographs or film in their possession, together with the part which had been recovered from the machine by the Informant Noack. [HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE] [ILLEGIBLE]]

At 5:00 p.m., SAC Hood called back and stated that all work on this matter should be immediately discontinued. They had managed to reach Mr. Nathan Smith and he stated that he knew all about this matter; that it was not a flying disc, but an object which had been identified as a tow kite, which has a disc center and wings. This kite is actually made in Los Angeles by the Olson and Rice Manufacturing Company. A call was made to Olson and Rice, who admitted making a kite along the lines described by Mr. Smith and they explained that they had tried to fly it and it had failed and they had abandoned it.

Mr. Hood stated he did not have full details at the time of his call, but he did have this report from the Agents. Therefore, I instructed that he call Mr. Willis of the Houston Office immediately in order that the film and the part available to the Houston Office will not be forwarded for Laboratory examination.

HBF:esb
[HANDWRITTEN: 12/29/48 5-Eth]
RECORDED - 42 62-83890-152
INDEXED - 42 34 JAN 3 1949
[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE]]
[HANDWRITTEN: 63 JAN 10 1949]
Page 83

PAGE 83

memo

This is an FBI internal memorandum regarding the recovery and identification of an object and associated film, with instructions to forward the materials to the laboratory for examination.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

DATE: December 29, 1948

TO: DIRECTOR, FBI

FROM: SAC, [REDACTED]

SUBJECT: [REDACTED]

Reference is made to the letter of December 29, 1948, from the Research Office.

At 9:00 A.M., [REDACTED] called the SAC of the Seattle Office and reported that the object described in the [REDACTED] and also in the possession and [REDACTED] could be sufficiently identified to the SAC. I also [REDACTED] the Research Office and told them that the object could be presently located by the Government authorities in the [REDACTED] and that the film in that possession which the [REDACTED] had recovered from the remains by the internal report.

At 9:00 A.M., [REDACTED] called back and stated that [REDACTED] had referred to this matter and that he, [REDACTED], did not have the film and that he was not a flying disk, but as he actually [REDACTED] the film and the [REDACTED] made in the [REDACTED] and the [REDACTED] who were making the lines was described by [REDACTED] and they explained that they had tried to fit it and it had failed and they abandoned it.

[REDACTED] did not have full details at the time of this [REDACTED]. I instructed the agents from this report to [REDACTED] the [REDACTED] of Information Office immediately in order that the film and the part available to the Houston Office will be forwarded for laboratory examine.

RECEIVED
DEC 30 9 27 AM '48
FBI
INTERNAL SECURITY DIV
U S DEP'T OF JUSTICE

RECEIVED
DEC 29 9 14 AM '48
F B I
U. S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

RECEIVED
DEC 29 4 07 PM '48
F B I
INTERNAL SECURITY DIV
U S DEP'T OF JUSTICE
Page 84

PAGE 84

memo

An FBI memorandum regarding two photographs of alleged 'flying saucers' taken in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, in July 1947, and the subsequent efforts by the Atomic Energy Commission and the Army to recover and suppress the images.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : DIRECTOR FBI
FROM : SAC KNOXVILLE
SUBJECT: "FLYING SAUCERS" OBSERVED OVER
OAK RIDGE AREA
INTERNAL SECURITY - X
[HANDWRITTEN: h] [HANDWRITTEN: Soviet War Plans] [HANDWRITTEN: Guided missiles]
DATE: January 10, 1948
[HANDWRITTEN: 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: 8/31/77]

There are being submitted herewith two photographs of reputedly "flying
saucers" which were seen at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, sometime during July of 1947.
All of the information contained in this letter was received from Mr. GEORGE
RATHMAN, Chief Investigator, Security Division, Atomic Energy Commission, and
Colonel C. D. GASSER, Resident Engineer, Air Material Command, United States
Army, who is the principal army technician at the Nuclear Energy for the Pro-
pulsion of Aircraft Research Center at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Mr. RATHMAN advised that the attached photographs were taken by W. R.
PRESLEY in July of 1947. He stated that interview with PRESLEY revealed that he
had been snapping photographs of his family in front of his residence at 218
Illinois Avenue, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, late in the afternoon, when he looked
into the sky and observed the vapor trail as exhibited by the photograph numbered
"1." PRESLEY stated that he took a snap of this trail, was winding the film to
the next number, when he looked into the sky and observed the ball of fire as
shown in photograph 2. Upon observing the unusual phenomena, he used his last
film in taking photograph #2. PRESLEY made these photographs available to re-
porters of the Knoxville News-Sentinel and a story concerning them was run in
that paper; however, as shown by the photostatic copy of the newspaper clipping,
which is also being submitted herewith to the Bureau, the print was very indis-
tinct; the news story did not contain any factual information; and it was regarded
generally by the public at the time as a possible trick.

[HANDWRITTEN: ENCLOSED BEHIND FILE] [HANDWRITTEN: Y-31] [HANDWRITTEN: 30] [HANDWRITTEN: ENCL 171]
Later, it was learned by Mr. RATHMAN and Colonel GASSER that PRESLEY
had made several copies of this photograph and had distributed them among his
acquaintances at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Upon Colonel GASSER's finding that the
photographs had received some distribution, he requested Mr. RATHMAN as Head of
the Compliance and Investigations Division, to recover as many as possible of
the photographs, advise the persons in whose possession they were found to say
nothing to anyone concerning them, and to return the said photographs to him
for transmission to the United States Air Force Intelligence Service. Mr. RATHMAN
advises that he succeeded in rounding up twenty-four copies of these photographs,
and that, according to the statements of PRESLEY, no more copies were made or
distributed. RATHMAN further stated that GASSER had appeared extremely concerned
over the matter and seemed to be quite emphatic that the matter should be given
no more publicity than was absolutely necessary. RATHMAN also advised that he
studied the negatives from which the reproductions were made, and they appeared
to be authentic in that trick photography should have been apparent, but from the

RECORDED - 121 162-83894-153
INDEXED - 121 31 JAN 12 1949
EX-31 52 JAN 31 1949 [HANDWRITTEN: See serial 158]

PAGE 85

Page 86

PAGE 86

memo

This document is a continuation of a report detailing an interview with Colonel GASSER regarding 'flying saucers' or 'mystery missiles,' including his theories on their propulsion, specifically suggesting the use of atomic energy.

negatives certainly did not appear to be the case. It was Mr. RATHMAN's observation that had the negative been "doped" with some sort of chemical, it would have removed the emulsion from the face of the film in such a way that the negative would have been thin at the point which is supposedly a ball of fire, whereas, in fact, both the vapor trail and the corona of fire are dark on the negative, indicating that it was an actual exposure. It was the opinion of Mr. RATHMAN that the photographs were, without doubt, authentic.

In accordance with Bureau instructions, no active investigation of this matter was made, but it was deemed advisable to interview Colonel GASSER prior to submitting the photographs to the Bureau.

Colonel GASSER predicated his remarks concerning the "flying saucers" or "mystery missiles" by stating that he knew nothing of an official nature concerning them, other than the fact that they were believed by air force intelligence officials to be man-made missiles, rather than some natural phenomena. It was his further belief that a great deal of information had been compiled concerning these missiles by air force intelligence, and that research on the matter was being extensively done at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio. He also expressed the opinion that information at the disposal of the United States Army Air Force Intelligence had, in all probability, been made available to the Bureau at Washington, D. C.

[Colonel GASSER then continued with his own ideas as to what might be the nature of these discs, which ideas he had formulated through review of those known facts and theoretical conjectures of himself and other scientists concerning the nature of flying discs and methods of propulsion for such type of aerial mechanism. According to him, flying discs have long been a theoretical possibility and, in fact, a possibility which would indicate one of the best means by which to break through the barriers of the supersonic area. Scientists have, for many years, been attempting to develop this type of aircraft. Some experimentation has been done even in the United States, but insofar as is known in the United States at the present time, there have never been any practical developments. As a second factor of consideration, Colonel GASSER stated that insofar as is known to U. S. scientists at this time, there is no known chemical fuel which would make possible tremendous range of flight such as is ascribed to the reported "flying saucers." There is only one possible fuel which could be utilized which is in accord with present theory, and that is the utilization of atomic energy.] As further evidence of this possible means of propulsion, Colonel GASSER called attention to the vapor trail and gaseous corona described as a ball of fire, which he states might give some evidence to the fact that a radio-active field is present. He explained that the corona, or exhaust, has what appears to be layers of intensity which are circular rather than elongated and have no tendency to trail at the extremities, as would be the case if a normal type of exhaust from a combustion engine was being utilized in the propulsion of these aircraft. He continued that the vapor trail left by the missile appears to be one single line of uniform intensity which is extremely slow in dissipating. It was pointed out by him that in the case of a normal

- 2 - [HANDWRITTEN: Atomic Energy Missile]
Page 87

PAGE 87

report

This page contains a detailed account from an informant regarding Russian experiments with advanced guided missiles or flying discs, their potential nuclear capabilities, and the observed flight patterns of these objects near the United States.

vapor trail being left by an aircraft moving at extremely high speeds or extremely high altitudes, the vapor trail usually will be from the wing tips and/or the exhaust of the engines, thus presenting several lines. But, in any event, even though only one line were visible, it would be rather quick to dissipate. This indicated to him that the vapor trail represents some atmospheric change along the path of the missile, which would not be the case were it any presently known type of aircraft. [HANDWRITTEN: this subject]

He continued that information furnished by him should be treated with the utmost confidence, in that he was not speaking officially, but as a personal matter of cooperation. He stated that the matter was being given absolutely no dissemination by the air force or other military personnel, and that they had not deemed it advisable to advise him of all information pertaining to the missile. He continued, however, that in his conversation with representatives at Wright Field and in reading reports returned to this country by foreign agents, he had gathered together certain information which might be of assistance in determining whether or not these so-called missiles were authentic, usable and of danger to the United States. First, he pointed out that knowledge of such a possible aircraft is not by any means new, it having been known as early as four years ago that some type of flying disc was being experimented with by the Russians. In addition thereto, he stated that more recent reports have been received from representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency in Southern Europe and Southern Asia to the effect that the Russians were experimenting with some type of radical aircraft or guided missile which could be dispatched for great distances out over the sea, made to turn in flight and return to the base from which it was launched. This fact was extremely worthy of notice as experiments in this country have so far only developed to the point where we are concerned with delivering a missile to the required point of impact, and no consideration has been given to imparting to that missile the ability to return. Secondly, he stated that it is a known fact that the Russians are attempting to develop some type of nuclear energy, that they received a wealth of information concerning nuclear energy at the time of their occupation in Germany, and that they have at their disposal the limited supply of the necessary fissionable materials. He stated that insofar as any opinion as to whether or not they have the ability and scientific knowledge to create such a nuclear-propelled missile is strictly a matter of conjecture, and that he would hesitate to make any definite statement. He pointed out, however, that the Russians have some very capable scientists in the field of atomic energy and that, in addition thereto, they took into their custody some of the most advanced and capable scientists of the German Nation.

He also stated that a peculiar fact concerning the missiles exists from reports he has received which is worthy of notice, and that is that from all appearances, they usually approach the United States from a northerly direction and have been reported as returning in a northerly direction. None have ever been known to crash, collide or disintegrate over American soil, but it would appear that they come to the United States, cruise around, and go back over the North Pole. He states that insofar as is known to him, there has never
-3-
Page 88

PAGE 88

memo

This document details Colonel Gasser's observations and theories regarding unidentified missiles, including their flight characteristics, potential collision reports, and the military's concern regarding their nature and origin.

been any piece of one recovered from any source whatever in order that analytical study of its nature could be made. Insofar as was known to him, the only actual material which would be of any value in determining its nature are telephoto photographs which are now in the possession of engineers at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio. How detailed and how clear these photographs are, he was unable to state. He stated that one report has been received concerning a collision of these missiles with another type of aircraft. This report, according to him, took place a short time prior to the report of numerous discs over the United States, and the report emanated from Czechoslovakia. This report was that a Czechoslovakian transport had collided with some unidentified missile while in mid-air over the ocean, and that said missile and said transport had been completely disintegrated without recovery of parts or survivors from either. It was the belief of Colonel GASSER that this undescribed missile was perhaps the same type of thing as the flying saucer. Another factor of notice, according to Colonel GASSER, and as is portrayed by the photographs, it would appear that the missiles can be maintained at a certain altitude above the contour of the ground. This could be done by means of some type of radio altimeter or radio control. Naturally, the path of the missile is not in exact parallel to the contour, as its purported great speed would create considerable lag in its flight. Another factor which is worthy of note, according to Colonel GASSER, is that it is normally reported as being seen at tremendously high altitudes and always traveling in a straight line. He stated that he himself observed, on one occasion, a single vapor trail coming from some type of aircraft at unbelievably high altitudes, which vapor trail extended from horizon to horizon in a perfectly straight line. He observed the vapor trail while it was in the process of formation and states that it was completely unlike any vapor trail he had ever observed before in all of his experience with the air force. It was his judgment that whatever created the vapor trail was traveling at an unbelievably tremendous speed. This, together with reports that when close to the ground, the missile travels at speeds which make possible visual observation of its actions, would reflect that there is some ability to control the speed of these missiles as well as the altitude.

Colonel GASSER concluded that this matter, while still purely a matter of guesswork, is nevertheless a source of great concern to the military establishment of this country. Great efforts have been expended by the service to determine just what the nature of these missiles might be and, upon so determining, decide whether or not an adequate defense can be established. He also stated that it has given impetus to the research being done by the air force in their own program of nuclear energy for the propulsion of aircraft to develop guided missiles. He also advised that insofar as was known to him, there was absolutely no connection between these missiles and the fact that they were observed close to Oak Ridge, Tennessee. He stated that this was perhaps, and probably, a matter of coincidence and they were seen in this area merely as they were seen in forty-six of the forty-eight states of the United States during the Month of July when so many reports were being received.

This information is being submitted to the Bureau for whatever value it may be, and no further action in the matter is being contemplated by this office, unless advised to the contrary.

CCM:bk
65-11
Enclosures - 3
-4-
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PAGE 89

memo

This FBI memorandum details the initial contact by attorney Fuller Blackwell regarding his client Lonnie Noack, who claimed to have filmed a flying disc near Las Vegas, and the subsequent meeting at the Houston FBI office to view the film.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Director, FBI DATE: 12/28/48
FROM : SAC, Houston
SUBJECT: FLYING DISC;
LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, Complainant

Attention: Assistant Director D.M. Ladd

Remytel 12/28/48 in the above captioned matter.

For the Bureau's information, on 12/27/48 Mr. FULLER BLACKWELL, an attorney with offices 410 Kress Building, Houston, Texas, telephonically contacted the Houston Office to advise that he had a friend, LONNIE NOACK, who had some information on an object which might be a flying disc. Mr. BLACKWELL stated he was calling in response to Mr. NOACK's suggestion and as a means of determining what authorities would have an interest in this matter. He said Mr. NOACK was a machinist employed by the Humble Oil and Refining Company, Houston.

Mr. BLACKWELL, in calling, advised that the disc, or object, was approximately eight feet in diameter, had a tail and wings, and apparently was equipped for jet propulsion. He stated NOACK had observed this object at a desert location near Las Vegas, Nevada; further, that Mr. NOACK had taken some movie film of the disc and that this film was currently in his possession.

Immediately upon receipt of the above information, Mr. Robert B. Fleming, Special Agent, O.S.I., Ellington Field, Texas, was notified as was true of Captain Harold Bush, MID representative, also Houston. As a result of these referrals, arrangements were effected with Mr. NOACK to bring his film to the Houston Office for a showing 8 P.M., 12/27/48. This was done with Messrs. Bush, Fleming, Noack, and Special Agent Graham W. Kitchel and the writer observing. Arrangements were then made for Mr. NOACK to again appear at the Houston Office on the morning of 12/28/48 in order that his information might be reduced to writing. Mr. NOACK in making his initial appearance at the office surrendered his movie film which consisted of one 50 foot roll of 8 mm movie film. Approximately fifteen feet of this roll relates exclusively to the pictures of the flying disc.

[HANDWRITTEN: ENCL. ATTACHED]
[HANDWRITTEN: ENCL]
[HANDWRITTEN: 1-11/49 Noaction EX]
[HANDWRITTEN: 270 NOV 18 1964]
[HANDWRITTEN: 5 JAN 24 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-49]
RECORDED - 43 62-83894-154
INDEXED - 4334 JAN 14 1949
Page 90

PAGE 90

memo

This FBI memorandum details a report from Lonnie Edward Novak regarding a potential flying disc sighting, including his possession of film footage of the object.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO: DIRECTOR, FBI
FROM: SAC, HOUSTON
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS
LONNIE EDWARD NOVAK, COMPLAINANT

ATTENTION: Assistant Director D.M. Ladd

Reference is made to the above captioned matter.

For the bureau's information, on 12/24/48, LONNIE EDWARD NOVAK, an employee of the Humble Oil and Refining Company, Houston, Texas, telephonically contacted the Houston Office to advise that he had a friend, [REDACTED], who had some information on an object which might be a flying disc. Mr. NOVAK was calling in response to Mr. NOVAK's suggestion and as a means of determining what authorities would have an interest in this matter. He said Mr. NOVAK was a maintenance employee by the Humble Oil and Refining Company.

Mr. NOVAK advised, in calling, that the disc or object was approximately eight feet in diameter, had tail and wings, and was apparently equipped for jet propulsion. He stated NOVAK had observed this object at a local tavern; NOVAK had taken some film of the disc and that this film was currently in his possession.

Immediately upon receipt of the above information, Mr. Joseph D. Fleming, Special Agent, F.B.I., Houston, was notified as to the time of the film. These materials were affected with Mr. NOVAK. Arrangements were made for NOVAK to bring the film to the Houston Office for showing. This was done 12/28/48. Mr. NOVAK, Special Agent Fleming and [REDACTED] were present. The written observation was then made for the Houston Office on the morning of 12/29/48 in order that this information might be reduced to writing by NOVAK. [HANDWRITTEN: 12/30/48]

[STAMP: RECEIVED DEC 31 1948 2 24 AM]
[STAMP: RECEIVED DEC 30 2 48 PM 48]
[STAMP: U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE F B I]
Page 91

PAGE 91

memo

This memo details the recovery of an aluminum cylinder from a flying disc by Mr. Noack, the handling of his signed statement by the FBI and O.S.I., and the coordination between FBI and O.S.I. representatives regarding the investigation.

Director
Re: Flying Disc
HO 12/28/48

While observing the object, Mr. NOACK noted an aluminum cylinder which had become detached from one of the wing tips and he brought this back with him as a souvenir. This cylinder conceivably could act as a rudder, a rocket housing, or fuel tank attachment. Mr. NOACK initialled the cylinder and surrendered it also.

There are attached hereto for the Bureau two copies of a signed statement taken from Mr. NOACK dated Houston, Texas, 12/28/48. Two copies of the statement are attached for the Los Angeles Office, and one informational copy is being designated for the Cincinnati Division. The original is being retained in the Houston file. One copy of the statement is attached to the copy of this letter for the FBI Laboratory. During the interview with Mr. NOACK, Mrs. ROSE C. ROTSEL, a stenographer for O.S.I., Ellington Field, recorded the statement for O.S.I. use.

Initial information obtained concerning this flying disc was furnished telephonically to Inspector Howard Fletcher at the Bureau, 9 A.M., 12/28/48. Mr. Fletcher requested the Bureau be given a summary of the information by teletype, with interested offices being similarly notified, and that the signed statement of NOACK be submitted AMSD. He further instructed that he did not want the Bureau "side tracked" in the handling of this matter, but that FBI representatives should assume an active interest in the investigation throughout, cooperating, of course, with O.S.I. representatives.

Mr. Fleming's headquarters are the District Commander, 5th O.S.I. District, Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio. On the morning of 12/28/48 Mr. Fleming sent a telegram to his District Commander giving a general summary of the original complaint. Mr. Fleming was unable to advise how the 5th O.S.I. District would handle their inquiry in this matter. He stated this could either be handled by Wright Field dispatching a special plane to California or by having their District Commander, 18D, O.S.I., San Bernardino, California handle it. He stated in any event it would be necessary for O.S.I. representatives to first confer with Mr. R.C. PERSON, named in this statement, as being the individual who initially discovered the flying disc and would know also its present whereabouts.

-2-
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memo

This memo discusses the investigation of a flying disc, noting the contact information for Mr. PERSON, the involvement of SAC R.B. Hood, and the forwarding of film and a fuselage fragment to the FBI Laboratory.

Director
Re: Flying Disc
HO 12/28/48

Mr. PERSON, as indicated, maintains a business at 4116
Avalon Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, telephone
Adams 5281.

To insure the Bureau's participation in this matter,
SAC R.B. Hood, of the Los Angeles Office, was contacted
telephonically at approximately 11:30 A.M. (CST)
12/28/48 with the suggestion he maintain contact with
Mr. PERSON.

Also in keeping with Bureau instructions, the roll of
film received from Mr. NOACK, together with the aluminum
portion of the fuselage, is being forwarded separately to
the Bureau, attention FBI Laboratory.

[HANDWRITTEN: 1-11-49
not
sent per
HBF
instructions
ZHm]

[HANDWRITTEN: See
letter
dated 1/25/49]

GNW:NK
Encl.(2)

AIR MAIL SPECIAL DELIVERY

CC: Los Angeles (Encl.) AMSD
Cincinnati (Encl.) AMSD

FBI, Laboratory (Encl.)

Package

-3-
Page 93

PAGE 93

blank

This page is a blank document cover or divider.

Page 94

PAGE 94

cover-page

This is a cover page for an enclosure, noting that copies were destroyed on November 18, 1964, and referencing case file 62-83894-154.

COPIES DESTROYED
270 NOV 18 1964

ENCLOSURE

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-154]
Page 95

PAGE 95

transcript

A witness statement from Lonnie Edward Noack regarding his experience with R.C. Person and others in California in December 1948, where they allegedly photographed a flying disc.

Houston, Texas
Dec. 28, 1948

[HANDWRITTEN: B02]

I, LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, residing 2921 Chicago Street, Houston 17, Texas, make the following statement to Special Agent Robert B. Fleming and Christopher R. Bradley, representatives of the Office of Special Investigation, Ellington OSI Detachment, Ellington Field, Texas, and Special Agents Graham W. Kitchel and Galen N. Willis who I know to be Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

On Monday afternoon December 6, 1948, at about 6 P.M., Mr. R.C. PERSON, Mr. NATHAN SMITH, Mr. C.A. TOCE, Mr. ROBERT BROUSSARD and another man, name not recalled, and I had dinner at the Old Virginia Inn, Los Angeles, California. After dinner we went back to Mr. Smith's electrical manufacturing company which he owns and operates in Los Angeles, California. Mr. PERSON told us about seeing a flying disc and we made an appointment to leave early the next morning by car, with our cameras, to go to the location of the disc. Mr. PERSON was detained at some private air field so we did not leave until about 2 P.M. on December 7, 1948. We arrived at the scene of the flying disc and took pictures of the disc which was still lying around. Mr. SMITH took about 10 feet of 16 mm film and Mr. PERSON took five or six shots with a Speed Graphic Camera. He noticed that the first three shots were taken when the adapter on his lens was closed too much and I don't know if they turned out all right. Mr. SMITH suggested I hold the flying disc up and rotate it around and he would take my picture with my camera. After taking the pictures, we patched the fence of Mr. PERSON's property where people had been cutting the wire to get to a road. We left and then drove back and had dinner at Eaton's Inn and they took me back home to Hollywood, California.

I would like to recite that I left Houston, Texas 11:30 A.M. on Sunday, December 5, 1948, for California by plane and flew to Hollywood, California on a commercial plane on business matters. On arriving in Hollywood, I met Mr. PERSON in Hollywood on Monday, December 6, 1948, and at that time he told me about the flying disc he had located. He stated he had gone to Las Vegas by his personal plane and saw the disc from the air on his way back.
Page 96

PAGE 96

transcript

A witness statement describing a trip taken on December 7, 1948, to visit a crash site of a disc-shaped object on property owned by a Mr. Person.

On December 7, 1948 we went out in Mr. NATHAN SMITH's car and picked up his wife and left his home in South Pasadena about 11 A.M. We drove out to an airport where his plane was about forty miles from Pasadena were he was having the plane repaired. He wanted to be sure the plane was on a truck before we left for the destination where the disc was. In making this trip, we proceeded out by a race track and passed one of the Kaiser steel works and the Virginia Dare Wine Orchard. I would say we went directly north or northeast from Pasadena, California. We drove through a town called Matonia (phonetic) and followed a road through some mountains and through a small desert. I would estimate the distance from Pasadena to where the disc was found to be about 150 miles. The terrain in which the disc was found could be described as flat, desert, and desolate.

I would like to explain that Mr. PERSON has private property (an airport which he purchased from the government) right by the location of the disc. Mr. PERSON thought the disc might have been launched from his airport, but whether that was it or not - we don't know. Mr. PERSON said he usually flew at an altitude of about 8,000 feet and, of course, he flew lower in some spaced. He did not mention his altitude at the time he first saw the disc. The disc was located practically just outside his property and we were going north, so it would be east of his property. He has about 900 acres.

When we arrived at Mr. PERSON's property, we saw the disc, or flying wing, and it was on the ground in a semi-vertical position, approximately a 45 degree angle, with the left wing imbeded in the ground. In looking at the ground, it appeared that the object had hit the earth with considerable force and had slid 300 to 400 feet. It was dented but was generally intact. I think the pictures I took with a Revere 8 mm camera quite well show the form, shape and size of the "wing." I am 5'7" tall and in standing next to the object when it was in an upright position, it was slightly higher than my height. I would say it was roughly seven feet in diameter, before crashing.

On each side of the object there were wings approximately four feet by twenty inches and three inches thick with an axle that protruded through the disc and into the wings. It was mounted on ball bearings which the disc rotated on.
Page 97

PAGE 97

report

This document provides a detailed physical description of a disc-shaped object, including its dimensions, materials, and construction, as well as a statement from an individual who claims to have possessed a part of the object and filmed it.

The disc itself was approximately two feet thick in the center, tapering to a feather edge at theerim. On the outside of the disc, near the rim, there were funnel shaped cups bradded on and these were spaced all around on both sides, each cup being approximately twenty inches apart. The openings of these cups were to the rear. The disc itself was natural aluminum with no paint on it except of the type of aluminum which was 24 S.T. and it bore this stamp. The wings were painted a yellow-green camouflage color.

The wing has a leading edge similar to that of an airplane and tapers to the rear to a feather edge. The wing was ribbed throughout with aluminum ribs for substantial strength. Each wing had a similar rocket cartridge on each tip fastened by two bolts. I had one of the wings in my possession and have turned it over to the proper authorities. The cartridge on the one I had was apparently knocked off in the crash.

There were two strut bars attached approximately twenty inches from the disc leading to the rear with an elevator. Also, the two struts protruded toward the front with something attached, a weight or some tow system, which was during the crash anchored into the ground and bent and we could not exactly determine how it was weighted or controlled. I would say the elevator was approximately twenty-two inches long and about 5/8 inch thick with a slight taper to the rear and probably ten inches wide. The struts extending from the trailing edge of the wing to the elevator were made of 5/8 inch steel tubing. The disc, in being lifted, I would judge to weigh from 80 to 100 pounds.

With respect to the pictures taken, I took approximately 15 feet of colored 8 mm film.

The disc was built where they had the proper equipment to do the necessary work because they had to have a spot welder and building equipment to make the different angles. I might add that I am an instrument maker for the Humble Oil and Refining Company and have a generally good knowledge of machine and metal work. There was nothing on the object to indicate its origin, whether American or foreign make. It would appear, however, from the aluminum, workmanship, etc. that it probably was American made.

-3-
Page 98

PAGE 98

transcript

A witness account detailing the timeline of taking photographs of an unidentified object, developing the film, and showing the results to colleagues and acquaintances in December 1948.

After we finished taking our pictures and discussing the object among ourselves, Mr. PERSON expressed an intention of obtaining a truck and hauling the object to his shop. I cannot say at this time whether he did this or not or where the object may be at this particular date. We finished our observation and picture taking at approximately 5:30 or 6 P.M. on December 7.

In response to Mr. Fleming's inquiry, there was no radio equipment noted on the object in any fashion or form.

We returned to Pasadena, California, that evening arriving in Hollywood about 9 or 9:30 P.M. I took some more pictures that night along Hollywood Boulevard on the unfinished roll of film and then wetn over the Chinese Theatre and took a picture of the signature of George Raft and finished the roll. I bought another roll of film, and took them to the Eastman Kodak Company the following Monday which would be December 13, 1948. As I recall, this Eastman shop was on Los Palmas Street in Los Angeles, California. They informed me they would develop the film and that it would be ready on Thursday. I left California on Wednesday so they mailed the film to me at my business address, Humble Oil Building, Room 159, Houston, Texas. I received these films on December 23, 1948.

After my return from California I mentioned to several of my business and social acquaintances that I had seen this object, a disc or saucer or whatever you might call it, and told them that I had taken pictures and would be glad to show them when the pictures arrived. As stated, I received the film on December 23 and at 1:30 P.M. on the same date I showed the film in the projection room at Humble Oil to the following: D.W. BLAIR; J. HATTAWAY; B.A. PETERSON; JAMES S. OLIVIER; WILLIAM RIED, JR.; A.E. MELETON; WAYNE CRAWFORD; D.A. BATTLE and two other men whose names I do not recall. All of these men work in the instrument shop with me at Humble Oil & Refining Company. I also showed the film to my brother-in-law, E. KULAK, of Pasadena, Texas, at home on the following night.

On Christmas Day I met some friends and one of the girls was with a young boy who was interested in photography. I do not know his name but he works at Southern Pacific. I told him I had some pictures of the flying disc but I did not show him the pictures but explained the disc. I think this boy is the person who had his friend at the newspaper contact me.

-4-
Page 99

PAGE 99

transcript

A witness statement by Lonnie Edward Noack detailing his interactions with the press, his lawyer, and the FBI regarding a disc-shaped object, including technical details about photographs taken of the object.

I got home about 10:30 A.M. and FRANK REED,
of the City Desk at the "Houston Post" called me and wanted
to know about the disc. I told him I could not give him
any information on it. He begged me for the story, but I
told him I would let him know and that I had friends I
had to contact before I could give him any information.

I then got in touch with Mr. Blackwood, my
lawyer, the following morning and asked him if he knew
anyone in the FBI. He stated all the FBI personnel he knew
were no longer stationed here. I then contacted the FBI
and turned the material over to them.

Although I can't describe where this object is
located, I believe I could go back to it and I am sure
Mr. PERSON and and Mr. SMITH could go back to it.

Mr. NATHAN SMITH's business address is Nathan
Smith Electrical Company, 105 South Pasadena Avenue, South
Pasadena, California. Mr. R. C. PERSON is president of
the Vasco Electrical Manufacturing Company, 4116 Avalon
Boulevard, Los Angeles, California.

For record purposes, in taking the pictures above
referred to, I did so using exposure of 16 frames per second
at a diaphragm opening of f6.3. I used Cine-Kodak Kodachrome
film.

[HANDWRITTEN: ATTENTION] The above statement, made voluntarily and for the
retention of proper authorities, is made to my best knowledge
and belief.


_____________________________________
LONNIE EDWARD NOACK
Witnesses:
_____________________________________

Representatives OSI, Ellington Field, Texas

_____________________________________

FBI, Houston, Texas

-5-
Page 100

PAGE 100

cover-page

This is a cover page for an enclosure to the FBI regarding a flying disc report filed by Lonnie Edward Noack.

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-154]

ENCLOSURE TO THE BUREAU

RE: FLYING DISC;
    LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, Complainant
Page 101

PAGE 101

memo

An FBI memo from the Director to the SAC in Houston stating that no laboratory examination of the items submitted by Lonnie Noack was necessary because the objects were identified as a tow target and a toy kite.

SAC, Houston
Director, FBI
FLYING DISCS
LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, Complainant

January 25, 1949

Reference is made to Los Angeles teletype dated 12/29/48 and to Houston teletype dated 12/28/48, and the subsequent transmittal of an 8mm movie film taken by Mr. LONNIE NOACK, along with several parts of the supposed flying disc to the laboratory for examination.

Since prior to receipt of the above items by the laboratory the information was obtained which identified the supposed flying disc as a tow target and later a toy kite, no examination was conducted here.

Accordingly, these items are being returned to you via registered mail.

[HANDWRITTEN: Ret'd 2/7/49 Rny]

88-83894
cc: SAC, Los Angeles
RECORDED - 60
INDEXED - 60
EX-59
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-155]
51 JAN 31 1949
Page 102

PAGE 102

other

This page contains various FBI date stamps and administrative markings, including 'LABORATORY DIVISION', 'TECHNICAL LABORATORY', and index/record codes.

F B I
LABORATORY DIVISION
JAN 25 4 26 PM '49
RECEIVED-HARBO
JAN 26 3 32 PM '49
U S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
F B I
TECHNICAL LABORATORY
U S. DEPT OF JUSTICE
EB 7 9 55 AM '49
RECEIVED
EX-28
INDEXED-60
RECORDED-60
Page 103

PAGE 103

memo

An FBI memorandum from D. M. Ladd to the Director regarding information provided by Colonel C. D. Gasser about 'Flying Discs,' suggesting they are likely man-made missiles being researched at Wright Field and potentially powered by atomic energy.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : The Director DATE: January 24, 1949
FROM : D. M. Ladd [HANDWRITTEN: 0]
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS [HANDWRITTEN: checkmark]

I thought you might be interested in the following information concerning "Flying Discs" which has been furnished to the Bureau on a confidential basis by Colonel C. D. Gasser, Resident Engineer, Air Material Command, U. S. Army, who is the principal army technician at the Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft Research Center at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Colonel Gasser stated that he knew nothing of an official nature concerning "Flying Discs" other than the fact that they are believed by Air Force Intelligence officials to be man-made missiles, rather than some natural phenomena. It was his further belief that a great deal of information has been compiled concerning these missiles by air force intelligence, and that research on the matter was being extensively done at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio.

Colonel Gasser then continued with his own ideas as to what might be the nature of these discs which ideas he had formulated through review of those known facts and theoretical conjectures of himself and other scientists concerning the nature of flying discs and methods of propulsion for such type of aerial mechanism. According to him, flying discs have long been a theoretical possibility, and, in fact, a possibility which would indicate one of the best means by which to break through the barriers of the supersonic area. He stated that scientists have, for many years, been attempting to develop this type of aircraft. Some experimentation has been done even in the United States, but insofar as is known in the United States at the present time, there have never been any practical developments. As a second factor of consideration, Colonel Gasser stated that insofar as is known to U. S. scientists at this time, there is no known chemical fuel which would make possible tremendous range of flight such as is ascribed to the reported "flying discs." According to Gasser, there is only one possible fuel which could be utilized which is in accord with present theory, and that is the utilization of atomic energy.

He stated that this subject matter was being given absolutely no dissemination by the air force or other military personnel, and that they had not deemed it advisable to advise him of all information pertaining to this type missile. He continued, however, that in his conversation with representatives at Wright Field and in reading reports returned to this country by foreign agents, he had gathered together certain information which might be of assistance in determining whether or not these so-called missiles were authentic, usable and of danger to the United States.

EHM:hhr [HANDWRITTEN: signature] RECORDED - 113 [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-156] INDEXED, 113 [HANDWRITTEN: 2] EX-109 [HANDWRITTEN: 50 FEB 8 1949]
Page 104

PAGE 104

memo

A memo from January 1949 discussing a conversation with a Colonel regarding the U.S. Air Force's knowledge of 'flying discs' and the potential for them to be man-made aircraft.

January 25, 1949

The Director

F.B.I.

OFFICE MEMO

I thought you might be interested in the following information concerning "flying discs" which has been furnished to the Bureau confidentially by Colonel [REDACTED]. Colonel [REDACTED] is currently assigned to the Directorate of Intelligence, U.S. Air Force, and has been concerned with the collection of aircraft data at the Pentagon.

Colonel [REDACTED] stated that he knew nothing of an official nature concerning "flying discs" other than the fact that they are believed by Air Force officials to be man-made phenomena, rather than some natural phenomenon. It was remarked that a great deal of information had been gathered concerning these phenomena by the Air Force and that research on the matter was being conducted extensively at Wright Field, Ohio.

Colonel [REDACTED] then continued with his own ideas as to what might be the nature of these discs, which he had formulated through review of reports, notes of aeronautical engineers and the like concerning the nature of flying discs and methods of propulsion for aircraft. He maintained that flying discs have been known for years, and, in fact, a [REDACTED] which is one of the best known to the Air Force, has been developed for years. He stated that the United States has been developing this type of aircraft. He stated that he knows of no reason why these discs have never been developed to the point of public knowledge. As a second factor of consideration, Colonel [REDACTED] stated that he knows of no reason why these discs, such as are reported to the U.S. Air Force, should not be considered as being in the possession of the United States, and that the notification of the public concerning these discs is not a matter of public interest.

Colonel [REDACTED] stated that he felt that the public should be informed of the nature of these discs, and that the Air Force should be in a position to state that they are in possession of such information, and that the public should be informed of the nature of these discs, and that the Air Force should be in a position to state that they are in possession of such information, and that the United States is in possession of such information.
Page 105

PAGE 105

memo

This document details a briefing by Colonel Gasser regarding reports of Russian-developed flying discs and guided missiles, noting their ability to return to base, their potential nuclear propulsion, and their observed flight patterns near the United States.

He pointed out that knowledge of such a possible aircraft is not by any means new and that it was known as early as four years ago that some type of flying disc was being experimented with by the Russians. In addition he said that more recent reports have been received from representatives of the Central Intelligence Agency in Southern Europe and Southern Asia to the effect that the Russians were experimenting with some type of radical aircraft or guided missile which could be dispatched for great distances out over the sea, made to turn in flight and return to the base from which it was launched. He related that this information was extremely worthy of notice as experiments in this country have so far only developed to the point where we are concerned with delivering a missile to the required point of impact, and no consideration has been given to imparting to that missile the ability to return. He also advised that it is a known fact that the Russians are attempting to develop some type of nuclear energy, that they received a wealth of information concerning nuclear energy at the time of their occupation in Germany, and that they have at their disposal a limited supply of fissionable materials. He pointed out that the Russians have some very capable scientists in the field of atomic energy and that, in addition thereto, they took into their custody some of the most advanced and capable scientists of the German Nation. [HANDWRITTEN: unlimited supply?]

Colonel Gasser stated that a peculiar fact concerning these missiles is found in reports he has received, that from all appearances the missiles usually approach the United States from a northerly direction and have been reported as returning in a northerly direction. He advised that none have ever been known to crash, collide or disintegrate over American soil, but it would appear that they come to the United States, cruise around, and go back over the North Pole. He stated that insofar as is known to him there has never been any part of a missile of this type recovered from any source whatever in order that an analytical study of its nature could be made. He stated that one report has been received concerning a collision of these missiles with another type of aircraft. This report, according to him, emanated from Czechoslovakia and took place a short time prior to the report of numerous discs over the United States. According to Colonel Gasser a Czechoslovakian transport had reportedly collided with some unidentified missile while in mid-air over the ocean, and that the missile and transport were completely disintegrated without recovery of parts or survivors from either.

Colonel Gasser concluded that this matter, while still purely a matter of guesswork, is nevertheless a source of great concern to the military establishment of this country. He advised that great efforts have been been expended by the military service to determine the nature of these missiles and upon so determining, decide whether or not an adequate defense can be established. He stated that it has given impetus to the research being done by the air force in their own program of nuclear energy for the propulsion of aircraft to develop guided missiles.

ACTION:

None. The above is for your information.
Page 106

PAGE 106

memo

A classified military message from Kirtland AFB reporting multiple sightings of an unknown aerial object across New Mexico, with an investigation underway to locate a potential impact point.

CONFIDENTIAL
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
STAFF MESSAGE CENTER
INCOMING CLASSIFIED MESSAGE
CONFIDENTIAL
PRIORITY
PARAPHRASE NOT REQUIRED
From: CO Kirtland AFB New Mexico
To: Chief of Staff USAF attn Dir of Special Investigations
Officer of the Inspector General
Nr: OSI-1-90 31 January 1949
Reference previous reports, subject; unknown, aerial
phenomena, file number 24-8. Sighting of identical object
reported at 2255Z 30 Jan 49 by aprx 30 people. Estimate at
least 100 total sightings. AEC, AFSWP, 4th Army, local
commanders perturbed by implications of phenomena. Sighting
reported from El Paso, Alburquerque, Alamogordo, Roswell,
Socorro, and other locations. All appear to be same object at
different points in trajectory. Unless instructed to contrary
this office will make all out investigation with view to
location of impact point if any. Request reply.
[HANDWRITTEN: FLYING SAUCERS]
[HANDWRITTEN: Recd. 2-4-49. we are investigating O.S.I. G.I.R.-7 ok's. er]
ACTION: AF
INFO: ID, PO
CM IN 321 (2 Feb 49) RECORDED - 143 62-83894-187
DTG: 312145Z dgk/B
RC 5/1
EX-141
EX-16 COPY [HANDWRITTEN: file.] [HANDWRITTEN: Club]
50 FEB 28 1949 192
CONFIDENTIAL
Page 107

PAGE 107

form

This is an FBI routing slip dated March 23, 1949, listing various bureau personnel and administrative instructions.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Room 5744 [HANDWRITTEN: 3/23] 1949

TO: [HANDWRITTEN: checkmark] Director
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Fletcher
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Carlson
Mr. Nease
Miss Gandy
Personnel Files Section
Records Section
Mrs. Skillman

[HANDWRITTEN: checkmark] Mr. Tolson
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd
[HANDWRITTEN: checkmark] Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Pennington
Mr. Quinn Tamm
Mr. Nease
Miss Gandy

See Me For Appropriate Action

Send File Note and Return
[HANDWRITTEN: Note marked]
[HANDWRITTEN: paragraph]

Clyde Tolson
Page 108

PAGE 108

form

This is an FBI routing slip or internal memorandum cover sheet listing various bureau officials and showing receipt stamps from March 1949.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Room 2144

TO: Director
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Fletcher
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Carson
Mr. Mease
Miss Gandy
Personnel Files Section
Records Section
Mr. Skillman

RECEIVED-DIRECTOR
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
MAR 23 3 18 PM '49

RECEIVED-TOLSON
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
MAR 24 10 59 AM '49
Page 109

PAGE 109

memo

An FBI memorandum from the Knoxville SAC office regarding photographs of a 'flying saucer' over Oak Ridge, which were determined to be a hoax, though Colonel Gasser maintained his previous opinions on the existence of such objects.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Director, FBI
FROM : SAC, Knoxville
SUBJECT: "FLYING SAUCERS" OBSERVED OVER OAK RIDGE AREA
INTERNAL SECURITY - X

DATE: February 18, 1949

[HANDWRITTEN: CONFIDENTIAL]
[HANDWRITTEN: Declassified 204 9/9/77]

Reference is made to Knoxville letter to the Director dated January 10, 1949, entitled as above.

There is being forwarded for the Bureau's information a copy of a letter from Colonel C. D. GASSER, USAF, AMC Engineering Field Officer, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to Mr. G. J. RATHMAN, Security Division, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge. This letter is self explanatory and reveals that the photographs forwarded with referenced letter are the result of accident or purposeful hoax and are not actually photographs of a "flying saucer".

Colonel GASSER personally advised that while the photographs are not real, his statements made concerning the existence of flying saucers and the opinions expressed by him nevertheless stand as previously stated.

CCMcS:jjc
65-11
ENCLOSURE ATTACHED
Enclosure

[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED - 137]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-16]
[HANDWRITTEN: 62 83894 - 158]
[HANDWRITTEN: 4 FEB 23 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: 2/24/49 No Action]
[HANDWRITTEN: 57 FEB 25 1949]
Page 110

PAGE 110

other

This page is a blank document containing only a date-received stamp from the FBI.

RECEIVED
FEB 24 12 06 PM '49
REC'D ESPIONAGE
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
Page 111

PAGE 111

cover-page

This is a blank cover page or enclosure folder containing a handwritten reference number.

E N C L O S U R E 1
[HANDWRITTEN: 134/2-1]
[HANDWRITTEN: 3894-158]
Page 112

PAGE 112

letter

A letter from the NEPA Project to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission regarding the evaluation of photographs taken in July 1947 of an unidentified object, concluding that the 'trail' on the negatives was caused by a drop of liquid on the film.

C
O
P
Y

NEPA Project, P. O. Box E
Oak Ridge, Tennessee

MCREOL8/CDG/jk
10 February 1949

Mr. G. J. Rathman
Chief, Investigation Section
Security Division
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
P. O. Box E
Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Dear Mr. Rathman

This is in response to your letter dated 16 December 1948,
subject "Photographs", with inclosures, addressed to Major
D. J. Grant at this site, concerning photographs taken during
the month of July 1947 by Mr. William Presley of 218 Illinois
Avenue, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, of an unidentified object that
appeared to be flying over Oak Ridge.

Since receipt by Major Grant of the above material, this office
has taken steps to secure an evaluation of same by the Air Force
office of the Chief, Technical Intelligence Division, Intelli-
gence Department, Air Materiel Command, at Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. As a result, the following informa-
tion has been revealed:

"When the negative, containing the sphere, is examined
by strong incident light, it is noted that the emulsion
is raised at that point above the normal level of the
remaining emulsion. This indicates that either a drop
of warm water or a drop of developer struck the film at
this point and rolled down this negative and the succeed-
ing negative.

"To further substantiate this, it will be noted that when
the two (2) negatives are placed side by side with the
edges of the film aligned, the so-called "trail" is con-
tinuous, that is the two sections match, indicating the
drop rolled on from one negative to the next.

"Sill further proof is shown on the fogged edge of the
negative containing only the trail. This is proven by
the fact that the trail extends beyond the normal format

C
O
P
Y
Page 113

PAGE 113

letter

A copy of a letter from Colonel C. D. Gasser to Mr. G. J. Rathman regarding the analysis of photographic negatives and recommending the declassification of the matter.

C
O
P
Y

Ltr. to Mr. G. J. Rathman, Chief, Investigation Section, U. S.
AEC, dated 10 February 1949, Re Photographs

of the negative. In other words, there is a trail of
that section of the negative which was not exposed in
the camera. This effect shows up in one negative and
not in the other because the negative in question is
fogged; therefore, this irregularity was developed.

"Still further proof of these defects lies in the number
of unevenly developed sections of the negative."

In view of the above, it is recommended that this entire matter
be declassified and that Mr. Presley be advised of the nature of
the images, if and when the negatives are returned to him by your
office.

For your information, this office is taking the liberty of furnish-
ing a copy of this communication to Mr. C. C. McSwain, Special
Agent, FBI, because of official interest evidenced by his office
in the matter.

Your cooperation in furnishing photographs and negatives, together
with information contained in your letter of 16 December 1948 to
Major Grant, is sincerely appreciated.

Very truly yours,

C. D. GASSER
Colonel, USAF
AMC Engineering Field Officer

3 Incls.
2 Negatives
1 Photostat

cc - Mr. C. C. McSwain

C
O
P
Y
Page 114

PAGE 114

form

This is an FBI invoice of contents form documenting the shipment of 8mm movie film and parts of a supposed flying disc from Washington, D.C. to the Houston SAC office, dated January 25, 1949.

L-26

Invoice of Contents from
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
WASHINGTON, D. C.

Date 1/25/49

Case References
FLYING DISCS
LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, Complainant

Consigned to: SAC, HOUSTON

List of Contents

8mm Movie Film,
parts of supposed flying disc.

[HANDWRITTEN: 2-9-49]

Mr. Harbo, 7641
Mr. Conrad, 7142
Mr. Downing, 6228 IB
Mr. Sizoo, 7601
Mr. Baughman, 7121

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 16
FEB 8- 1949 P.M.
REGISTERED MAIL
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

[HANDWRITTEN: 497382 62-83894-]

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS: Mail Room, place date of shipment and registry number; Shipping Room, show date of shipment and initial this invoice; then return it to person whose name is checked in column at right. After this checked name has been initialled, invoice should be placed in administrative file.
[HANDWRITTEN: 518 1949]
Page 115

PAGE 115

memo

This FBI memorandum from the San Antonio SAC to the Director discusses recent intelligence conferences regarding unidentified aerial phenomena, reports of sightings in the U.S. and Sweden, a specific July 1948 Eastern Airlines encounter, and ongoing observations near the A.E.C. installation at Los Alamos.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO: DIRECTOR, FBI DATE: January 31, 1949
FROM: SAC, SAN ANTONIO
SUBJECT: PROTECTION OF VITAL INSTALLATIONS
BUREAU FILE # 65-58300
[HANDWRITTEN: ms.] [HANDWRITTEN: Bma] [HANDWRITTEN: Declassified 2010 8/31/77]

At recent Weekly Intelligence Conferences of G-2, ONI, OSI, and F.B.I., in the Fourth Army Area, Officers of G-2, Fourth Army have discussed the matter of "Unidentified Aircraft" or "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena" otherwise known as "Flying Discs", "Flying Saucers", and "Balls of Fire". This matter is considered top secret by Intelligence Officers of both the Army and the Air Forces.

It is well known that there have been during the past two years reports from the various parts of the country of the sighting of unidentified aerial objects which have been called in newspaper parlance "flying discs" and "flying saucers". The first such sightings were reported from Sweden, and it was thought that the objects, the nature of which was unknown, might have originated in Russia.

In July 1948 an unidentified aircraft was "seen" by an Eastern Airlines Pilot and Co-Pilot and one or more passengers of the Eastern Airlines Plane over Montgomery, Alabama. This aircraft was reported to be of an unconventional type without wings and resembled generally a "rocket ship" of the type depicted in comic strips. It was reported to have had windows; to have been larger than the Eastern Airlines plane, and to have been traveling at an estimated speed of 2700 miles an hour. It appeared out of a thunderhead ahead of the Eastern Airlines plane and immediately disappeared in another cloud narrowly missing a collision with the Eastern Airlines plane. No sound or air disturbance was noted in connection with this appearance.

During the past two months various sightings of unexplained phenomena have been reported in the vicinity of the A.E.C. Installation at Los Alamos, New Mexico, where these phenomena now appear to be concentrated. During December 1948 on the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 11th, 13, 14th, 20th and 28th sightings of unexplained phenomena were made near Los Alamos by Special Agents of the Office of Special Investigation; Airline Pilots; Military Pilots, Los Alamos Security Inspectors, and private citizens. On January 6, 1949, another similar object was sighted in the same area.

Dr. LINCOLN L. P.Z., a Meteorologist of some note, has been generally in charge of the observations near Los Alamos, attempting to learn characteristics of the unexplained phenomena.

Up to this time little concrete information has been obtained.

JEJ:md
SA-100-7545
[HANDWRITTEN: 56] cc: El Paso (2)
Dallas (2)
Houston (2)
Little Rock (2)
Oklahoma City (2)
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-159]
RECORDED - 133
F B I
43 MAR 16 1949
Page 116

PAGE 116

memo

A memo to the FBI Director detailing characteristics of unidentified aerial phenomena, including their appearance, speed, trajectory, and potential origins, noting that they are not considered to be meteorites.

DIRECTOR, FBI

1/31/49

There have been day time sightings which are tentatively considered to possibly resemble the exhaust of some type of jet propelled object. Night-time sightings have taken the form of lights usually described as brilliant green, similar to a green traffic signal or green neon light. Some reports indicated that the light began and ended with a red or orange flash. Other reports have given the color as red, white, blu-white, and yellowish green. Trailing lights sometimes observed are said to be red. The spectrum analysis of one light indicates that it may be a copper compound of the type known to be used in rocket experiments and which completely disintegrates upon explosion, leaving no debris. It is noted that no debris has ever been known to be located anywhere resulting from the unexplained phenomena.

Recent observations have indicated that the unidentified phenomena travel at a rate of speed estimated at a minimum of three miles per second and a maximum of twelve miles per second, or a mean calculated speed of seven and one-half miles a second, or 27,000 miles an hour. Their reported course indicates that they travel on an East - West line with probability that they approach from the Northern Quadrant, which would be the last stage of the great circle route if they originated in Russia. When observed they seem to be in level flight at a height of six to ten miles and thus traveling on a tangent to the earth's surface. They occasionally dip at the end of the path and on two occasions a definite vertical change in path was indicated. These phenomena have not been known to have been sighted, however, at any intermediate point between Russia and Los Alamos, but only at the end of the flight toward the apparent "target", namely, Los Alamos.

In every case but one the shape of the objects has been reported as round in a point of light with a definite area to the light's source. One report gives a diamond shape; another indicates that trailing lights are elongated. The size is usually compared to one-fourth the diameter of the full moon, and they have also been compared in size to a basketball with trailing lights the size of a baseball.

On no occasion has sound been associated directly with the phenomena, but unexplained sounds have been reported from Los Alamos. On two occasions reports have been received of the sighting of multiple units.

Some nine scientific reasons are stated to exist which indicated that the phenomena observed are not due to meteorites. The only conclusions reached thus far are that they are either hitherto unobserved natural phenomena or that they are man made. No scientific experiments are known to exist in this country which could give rise to such phenomena.

- 2 -
Page 117

PAGE 117

memo

A memo regarding Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant, who has been writing to military authorities about her theories on cosmic rays and their potential impact on aircraft, noting that the FBI is not investigating the matter.

DIRECTOR, FBI 1/31/49

Mrs. MADELINE GWYNNE MERCHANT was the subject of a letter from the Atlanta office to the Bureau dated August 10, 1948, entitled, "MADELINE GWYNNE MERCHANT; INFORMATION CONCERNING."

She has written many letters to Military Authorities concerning her theories regarding Atomic Energy. She has generally been considered unreliable and possibly mentally unbalanced. She, however, has submitted to Military authorities the only theory thus far known that has any credibility at all, namely, that the lights are manifestations of cosmic rays which are directed toward a specific point. She further theorizes that such rays may interfere with the ignition of motors and may account for various unexplained air crashes.

The above is submitted for the confidential information of the Bureau and offices to which copies of this letter are directed so that these offices may evaulate any such reports they may have received or may receive in the future.

It is noted that the Fourth Army has the responsibility of protecting vital installations at Los Alamos, New Mexico, Sandia Base, New Mexico, and Camp Hood, Texas. Any information developed should be expeditiously transmitted to G-2, Fourth Army.

It is further noted that G-2 and O.S.I. are actively engaged in investigating this matter. No investigation is being conducted by this office.

- 3 -
Page 118

PAGE 118

memo

An FBI memorandum from Mr. Fletcher to Mr. Ladd regarding the handling of reports on 'flying discs,' noting that the Bureau is not conducting investigations but will collect information for the Air Force.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Mr. Ladd [HANDWRITTEN: ok]
FROM : Mr. Fletcher [HANDWRITTEN: HBT]
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS
DATE: March 14, 1949

PURPOSE

The approval of the Executives Conference is requested for the attached SAC letter furnishing to the field the type of information desired by the Intelligence Division of the Air Force in connection with the captioned matter.

BACKGROUND

You will recall that by Bureau Bulletin #57, Series 1947, dated October 1, 1947, the field was advised that effective as of that date the Bureau had discontinued its investigative activities in connection with flying discs. The field was advised that all future reports concerning this matter received in the field should be referred to the Air Forces.

Colonel C. D. Gasser, Resident Engineer, Air Materiel Command, Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft Research, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, has recently and confidentially advised the Bureau that flying discs are believed by the Air Force to be man-made missiles rather than some natural phenomenon and that as much as four years ago it was learned that some type of flying discs were being experimented upon by the Russians. It was further determined from Colonel Gasser that most all of the flying discs seen by persons in the United States approached this country from a northerly direction and returned in the same direction, indicating the strong possibility that they are coming from Russia.

The Department of the Air Force has furnished to the Bureau a sufficient number of copies of a memorandum dated February 15, 1949 captioned "Unconventional Aircraft" which can be furnished to our field offices.

STATUS [HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED - 76 162-83894-160]

At the present time this Bureau is conducting no investigation of information received in the field relating to the captioned matter. [HANDWRITTEN: EHM FIVE Mossburg]

RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended that the attached SAC letter and enclosure be forwarded to the field to advise them of the type of questions to be asked of persons who voluntarily submit information relative to "flying discs." Although no active investigation will be conducted by the Bureau, it is believed that the captioned matter is of sufficient importance to the internal security of the country that our field offices should secure as much information as possible from complainants in order to assist the Department of the Air Force. [HANDWRITTEN: EHM:EHW Attachment] [HANDWRITTEN: E.H.M.]
Page 119

PAGE 119

other

This page contains a collection of various FBI date-received stamps from March and April 1949.

RECEIVED-LADD
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
MAR 23 9 18 AM '49
RECEIVED-NICHOL
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
MAR 24 12 56 PM '49

RECEIVED-LADD
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
MAR 16 9 19 AM '49

RECEIVED-FLETCHER
MAR 15 9 59 AM '49
RECEIVED
REC'D ESPIONAGE
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
APR 5 9 38 AM '49

RECEIVED
INTERNAL SECURITY SN
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
APR 4 4 52 PM '49

CEIVED-DIRECTOR
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
MAR 23 3 18 PM '49
Page 120

PAGE 120

memo

This FBI memorandum from the San Antonio SAC to the Director discusses the classification of 'flying discs' and 'green fire ball' phenomena, noting that investigations are now under 'Project Grudge' and the responsibility of the U.S. Air Force. It also details observations of a specific incident by Dr. Lincoln La Paz.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO : DIRECTOR, FBI DATE: March 22, 1949
FROM : SAC, SAN ANTONIO
SUBJECT: PROTECTION OF VITAL INSTALLATIONS
BUREAU FILE 65-58300
[HANDWRITTEN: W] [HANDWRITTEN: Flying Discs] [HANDWRITTEN: Declassified 2040 8/31/77 HM]

Re San Antonio letter to the Director dated January 31, 1949, which outlined discussion had at recent weekly Intelligence Conferences of G-2, ONI, OSI and FBI in the Fourth Army Area concerning "Unidentified Aircraft" or "Unidentified Areial Phenomena" otherwise known as "flying discs", "Flying saucers" and "balls of fire". It is repeated that this matter is considered secret by Intelligence Officers of both the Army and the Air Force.

G-2, 4th Army, has now advised that the above matter is now termed "Unconventional Aircraft" and investigations concerning such matters have been given the name "Project Grudge".

G-2, 4th Army, advised on February 16, 1949, a conference was held at Los Alamos, New Mexico, to consider the so-called "Green fire ball phenomena" which began about December 5, 1948. It was brought out this question has been classified "secret" and that investigation is now the primary responsibility of the U.S. Air Force, Air Materiel Command, T-2.

Dr. LINCOLN LA PAZ of the University of New Mexico, discussed one siting which he himself had made which was termed the "Starvation peak incident" and described the following characteristics which indicated that the phenomenon could not be classified as a normal meteorite fall.

1. There was an initial bright light (no period of intensity increase) and constant intensity during the duration of the phenomenon. [HANDWRITTEN: ne]
2. Yellow green color about 5200 Angstroms.
3. Essentially horizontal path.
4. Trajectory traversed at constant angular velocity.
5. Duration about two seconds.
6. No accompanying noise.

[HANDWRITTEN: 65-58300-65] [HANDWRITTEN: ORIGINAL COPY FILED IN] [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-161] [HANDWRITTEN: F B I] [HANDWRITTEN: 75 Apr. 4-1949]
RECORDED -40

JEJ:md
2 cc: El Paso (100-4562)
2 cc: Dallas
" " Houston
" " Little Rock
" " Oklahoma City
[HANDWRITTEN: 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: 19] [HANDWRITTEN: EX-19]
- 1 -
Page 121

PAGE 121

memo

This memo discusses reports of 'green fireball' phenomena, their potential connection to U.S. government secret experiments, and the involvement of G-2 and the Air Force in investigating these sightings.

DIRECTOR, FBI

March 22, 1949

It was brought out that since December 5, 1948 there have been more than ten incidents analagous to the "green fireball" above described and some twenty others with miner deviations from the above. It is also pointed out that the only sitings which had occurred seemed to have been confined to the Los Alamos, Las Vegas, and West Texas triangle.

G-2 also advised that as of November 1, 1948, information had been received from higher Military authorities that the Air Force had advised that such sitings occur periodically and that another period of sitings was then imminent. Further, on February 14, 1949, higher Military authorities advised that it was believed that ultimately it would be found that the phenomena in question have a natural explanation.

It is further noted that about 7:30 p.m., March 6, 1949, what was at first thought to be a flare was seen approximately one-half mile north of Killeen Base in the area of the Vital Installation at Camp Hood, Texas, and a second flare was noticed at 1:45 a.m., March 7, 1949, approximately three miles from Killeen Base. It has since been concluded that the flares seen near Killeen are probably similar to the phenomena previously noted in the Los Alamos, Sandia Base Area although these are the first sitings of such phenomena near Camp Hood.

There appears to be reason to believe that the above-mentioned phenomena may be connected with secret experiments being conducted by some U.S. Government Agency as it is believed that the United States is farther advanced in guided missile development than any foreign power.

Although the primary responsibility for investigating such matters is now with the U.S. A.F. Air Materiel Command, G-2, 4th Army is still interested in being advised of any further sitings of such phenomena which might be observed.

- 2 -
Page 122

PAGE 122

form

This FBI report details an investigation into a reported flying disc sighting by Lonnie Edward Noack, which was subsequently identified as an abandoned model tow target or kite by manufacturer Henry T. Rice.

[HANDWRITTEN: 3-1]
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Form No. 1
THIS CASE ORIGINATED AT HOUSTON FILE NO. 105-445
REPORT MADE AT LOS ANGELES DATE WHEN MADE 3/30/49 PERIOD FOR WHICH MADE 12/28,29;1/7/49 REPORT MADE BY W. NATHAN PROVINSE DPZ
TITLE FLYING DISCS; LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, complainant; Houston, Texas, December 27, 1948 CHARACTER OF CASE INTERNAL SECURITY M
SYNOPSIS OF FACTS:
Object described by complainant as possible flying disc determined to be a model tow target or kite which had been abandoned after unsuccessful tests. Portions of target positively identified by HENRY T. RICE, L.A. manufacturer and erstwhile financial backer as being part of the model target or kite.
RUC
REFERENCE:
Teletype from Houston to Director dated 12/28/48.
Teletype from Los Angeles to Director dated 12/28/48.
Teletype from Los Angeles to Director dated 12/29/48.
DETAILS:
This investigation is predicated upon the receipt of referenced teletype from the Houston Office advising that LONNIE EDWARD NOACK had located an object in the desert near Helendale, California, resembling a flying disc. This object, described as a flying disc, had been located by NOACK, R. C. PERSON and Mr. and Mrs. NATHAN SMITH of South Pasadena, California, approximately one hundred and fifty miles northeast of Pasadena or about twenty miles from Lone Pine, California.
Special Agent EDWARD OLSEN determined that R. C. PERSON, Vasco Manufacturing Company, was traveling in Arizona and not available for interview.
APPROVED AND FORWARDED: [HANDWRITTEN: R. B. Hood] SPECIAL AGENT IN CHARGE
COPIES OF THIS REPORT
5 - Bureau
2 - Houston
1 - IFO #2, Fort MacArthur
2 - Los Angeles
COPIES DESTROYED
276 NOV 23 1964 [HANDWRITTEN: 61 APR 13 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-162] RECORDED-59 INDEXED-59 [HANDWRITTEN: F B I 31 APR 5 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: EX-137]
Page 123

PAGE 123

form

This FBI report details the investigation of a flying disc sighting reported by Lonnie Edward Noack, which was subsequently identified as a model tow target or kite.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

Form No. 1
THIS CASE ORIGINATED AT HOUSTON FILE NO. 105-445

REPORT MADE AT LOS ANGELES DATE WHEN MADE 3/30/49 PERIOD FOR WHICH MADE 12/28,29;1/7/49 REPORT MADE BY W. NATHAN PROVINSE DPZ

TITLE FLYING DISCS; LONNIE EDWARD NOACK, complainant; Houston, Texas, December 27, 1948 CHARACTER OF CASE INTERNAL SECURITY M

SYNOPSIS OF FACTS:
Object described by complainant as possible flying disc determined to be a model tow target or kite which had been abandoned after unsuccessful tests. Portions of target positively identified by HENRY T. RICE, L.A. manufacturer and erstwhile financial backer as being part of the model target or kite.

RUC

REFERENCE:
Teletype from Houston to Director dated 12/28/48.
Teletype from Los Angeles to Director dated 12/28/48.
Teletype from Los Angeles to Director dated 12/29/48.

DETAILS:
This investigation is predicated upon the receipt of referenced teletype from the Houston Office advising that LONNIE EDWARD NOACK had located an object in the desert near Helendale, California, resembling a flying disc. This object, described as a flying disc, had been located by NOACK, R. C. PERSON and Mr. and Mrs. NATHAN SMITH of South Pasadena, California, approximately one hundred and fifty miles northeast of Pasadena or about twenty miles from Lone Pine, California.

Special Agent EDWARD OLSEN determined that R. C. PERSON, Vasco Manufacturing Company, was traveling in Arizona and not available for interview.
Page 124

PAGE 124

report

This report details the investigation into a recovered object near Helendale, California, which was identified as a failed model tow target or kite developed by the Ohlson and Rice Manufacturing Company.

L. A. 105-445

Mr. N. SMITH, SMITH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 105 Pasadena Avenue, South Pasadena, California, who was with NOACK at the time the object was discovered, advised Special Agent EDWARD OLSEN on December 28, 1948, that he was present at the time the object was located on his, SMITH's, landing field near Helendale, California. SMITH advised that they had taken some pieces off the object and that subsequently, upon returning to Los Angeles, he had learned that the object was actually a model kite or tow target which had been built by the OHLSON AND RICE MANUFACTURING COMPANY of Los Angeles. [HANDWRITTEN: Calif] Mr. SMITH stated that he had talked to both OHLSON and RICE and that they had admitted to him having experimented with the object over his, SMITH's, airfield. Mr. SMITH made available three of the parts of the target which he had secured while at the airfield.

The information furnished by Mr. SMITH was verified by Special Agent EDWARD OLSEN in an interview with Mr. HENRY T. RICE, OHLSON AND RICE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 3340 Emery Street, Los Angeles. The parts made available by Mr. SMITH were exhibited to Mr. RICE, and he advised that the model tow target or kite had been taken to the airfield for flight tests by himself and CLAUDE LEROY WOLFORD, 5454 Chesley Avenue, Los Angeles 43, California. Mr. RICE stated that WOLFORD is the inventor of the object and OHLSON and RICE had originally agreed to finance him to develop the tow target or kite as a toy. Mr. RICE explained that they were primarily interested in the contraption as a toy kite to be sold in a much smaller model; however, the inventor, against their wishes, had developed a much larger model which he had hoped to sell as a tow target to be used behind airplanes. Mr. RICE stated that since he had gone that far they felt that they should give the project a test and thereupon they took it out to the desert as a precautionary measure. Mr. RICE stated that the flight test was a failure; the model crashed soon after it was airborne and was thereafter abandoned on the field.

In the absence of her husband, Mrs. CLAUDE LEROY WOLFORD, 5454 Chesley Avenue, was interviewed and exhibited the three parts of the kite made available by Mr. SMITH. She readily identified the three items as part of a kite her husband had built for the RICE MANUFACTURING COMPANY. She advised that she also accompanied her husband to the desert at the time the tests were made. She explained that the kite had crashed and that the manufacturing company did not want to put any more cash in it so it was abandoned on the desert.

The three parts of the kite were returned to NATHAN SMITH on January 7, 1949. The Sub-District Office, I. G. (USAF), 1206 Santee Street, Terminal Annex, Los Angeles, California, was apprised of the information contained herein immediately upon its receipt.

REFERRED UPON COMPLETION TO THE OFFICE OF ORIGIN

2.
Page 125

PAGE 125

memo

A memo from J. Edgar Hoover to FBI staff regarding the discontinuance of investigations into flying discs, noting that the USSR is believed to be experimenting with them and providing instructions on how to handle voluntary information from the public.

United States Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington 25, D. C.

[HANDWRITTEN: PERSONAL ATTENTION]
[HANDWRITTEN: CONFIDENTIAL]
[HANDWRITTEN: 2040 8/31/77]
SAC LETTER NO. 38
Series 1949

March 25, 1949

MEMO FOR MR. HOOVER
TOLSON
CLEGG
CONNELLEY
GLAVIN
HARBO
LADD
NICHOLS
ROSEN
TRACY
BAUMGARDNER
BOSWELL

CALLAHAN
CALLAN
CARLSON
CARTWRIGHT
CONRAD
DOWNING
EDWARDS, H. L.
EGAN
FEENEY
FLETCHER, H. B.
GURNEA

HINCE
JONES, M. A.
KEAY
LAUGHLIN
LEONARD
LONG
MCCABE, E. J.
MCCABE, N. H.
MCGUIRE
MCINTIRE
MOBLEY
MOHR

NANNA
NAUGHTEN
NEASE
PARSONS
PENNINGTON
RENNEBERGER
ROGERS
SIZOO
TAMM, Q.
WAIKART
WALL
WHITSON

[HANDWRITTEN: DECLASSIFIED BY [REDACTED] ON 4-18-83]
RE: FLYING DISCS

Your attention is directed to Bureau Bulletin #57, Series 1947, dated October 1, 1947, relating to the discontinuance of investigation by this Bureau in matters concerning flying discs.

For your confidential information, a reliable and confidential source has advised the Bureau that flying discs are believed to be man-made missiles rather than natural phenomenon. It has also been determined that for approximately the past four years the USSR has been engaged in experimentation on an unknown type of flying disc.

The Department of the Air Force has furnished to the Bureau the attached memorandum classified "restricted" dated February 15, 1949, entitled "Unconventional Aircraft." This memorandum is being furnished to you in order that all agents assigned to your office can be informed of the type of information desired by the Air Force in this matter.

As set forth in Bureau Bulletin #57, referred to above, no investigation should be conducted by your office relative to flying discs, however, the attached memorandum should be referred to in securing data from persons who desire to voluntarily furnish information to your office relating to flying discs.

Very truly yours,
John Edgar Hoover
Director

[HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-]
NOT RECORDED
150 APR 4 1949
Page 126

PAGE 126

memo

An FBI teletype from the Salt Lake City office reporting multiple sightings of aerial explosions and falling silver objects near Logan and Ogden, Utah, which were later attributed by OSI to B-29 practice bombing.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION

APR 5 1949
TELETYPE

FBI SALT LAKE CITY 4-5-49 12-25 PM HTG
DIRECTOR URGENT

FLYING DISCS. INFORMATION RECEIVED AT LOGAN, UTAH ELEVEN AM TODAY THAT AT NINE AM A GUARD AT THE ARMY GENERAL SUPPLY DEPOT, OGDEN, UTAH, OBSERVED WHAT APPEARED TO BE AN EXPLOSION IN THE AIR ACCOMPANIED BY A FLASH OF LIGHT FOLLOWED BY THE FALLING OF SILVER COLORED OBJECT. THIS WAS SEEN AT HIGH ALTITUDE WEST OF OGDEN NEAR THE TOWN OF TAYLOR, UTAH. ABOUT THE SAME TIME LT. RON HATFIELD OF LOGAN, UTAH PD SAW TWO PUFFS OF SMOKE HIGH IN THE AIR WEST OF LOGAN FOLLOWED BY FALLING OF SILVER COLORED OBJECT. ALSO AT ABOUT SAME TIME UTAH HIGHWAY PATROLMAN L. N. JEPPSON AT MANTUA, UTAH, SAW A SILVER COLORED OBJECT HIGH UP APPROACHING THE MOUNTAINS AT SARDINE CAN_ON BETWEEN LOGAN AND BRIGHAM CITY, UTAH AND AS OBJECT NEARED THE MOUNTAIN IT APPEARED TO EXPLODE IN A FLASH OF FIRE. SEVERAL RESIDENTS AT TRENTON, UTAH, WHICH IS WEST OF LOGAN, HAVE REPORTED TO SO, LOGAN, SEEING WHAT APPEARED TO BE TWO AERIAL EXPLOSIONS FOLLOWED BY FALLING OBJECT WEST OF TRENTON AT ABOUT NINE TWENTY AM TODAY. ABOVE INFORMATION IMMEDIATELY FURNISHED TO OSI, HILL FIELD, UTAH. ANY FURTHER PERTINENT DEVELOPMENTS WILL BE FURNISHED BUREAU FOR INFORMATION. OSI HILL FIELD HAS JUST NOW ADVISED ABOVE PHENOMENA PROBABLY CAUSED BY TWO B TWENTYNINES FROM WENDOVER FIELD WHICH ARE PRACTICE-BOMBING IN THE DESERT WEST OF LOGAN FROM EXTREMELY HIGH ALTITUDES WHICH WOULD CAUSE VAPOR TRAILS. OSI CHECKING FURTHER AND WILL ADVISE THIS OFFICE OF RESULTS.

ACK AND HOLD
[HANDWRITTEN: Fletcher 742] [HANDWRITTEN: Monsburg] [HANDWRITTEN: Whyton] [HANDWRITTEN: 83894-62] [HANDWRITTEN: 19 APR 7 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: Five-EHM] [HANDWRITTEN: 51 APR 15 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: 2-31 PM OK FBI WASH DC GAR]
Page 127

PAGE 127

other

This page contains a mirror-image impression of a document on the reverse side, making the primary text illegible, along with handwritten receipt stamps from the FBI.

RECEIVED TELETYPE UNIT
APR 5 2 33 PM '49
F.B.I. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

[The text on this page is a mirror image of a document, appearing as if printed on the reverse side of the paper. It is largely illegible due to the ink bleed-through and the orientation.]

[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED - FLETCHER APR 5 3 27 PM '49]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED REC'D ESPIONAGE APR 6 9 26 AM '49 U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE]
Page 128

PAGE 128

form

This is a U.S. Air Force routing slip from AFOIR-CO to AFCSI regarding the transmittal of 50 copies of Air Intelligence Requirements No. 4 to the FBI.

[HANDWRITTEN: Flying Discs]

RESTRICTED
HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES AIR FORCE
ROUTING SLIP

TO:
1. OFFICE: AFCSI
DATE: 4 March 49
ATTENTION: Col Martin - Rm 4E 1075

FOR: FOLLOWING ACTION(S) AS CHECKED

COMMENT: [HANDWRITTEN: As per your recent request, 50 copies of air Intelligence Requirements no 4 are forwarded herewith for transmittal to the F.B.I.]

FROM:
OFFICE: AFOIR-CO
ROOM NO: 5E203
INDIVIDUAL: [HANDWRITTEN: DWMcKinney]
PHONE: 71067

[HANDWRITTEN: ENCLOSURE BEHIND FILE]
[HANDWRITTEN: addn. copies behind file.]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-109]
[HANDWRITTEN: 1 enc 60]
[HANDWRITTEN: 58 APR 22 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: File in file on "Flying Discs" 62-83894-164]
RECORDED - 60
EX-109
F B T
3 APR 7 1949
[HANDWRITTEN: Jule 5-8 HW]
Page 129

PAGE 129

cover-page

This is a cover page containing two date stamps from the FBI Espionage section in April 1949.

RECEIVED
APR 4 5 05 PM '49
REC'D ESPIONAGE
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

RECEIVED
APR 21 1 14 PM '49
REC'D ESPIONAGE
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
Page 130

PAGE 130

memo

A memorandum from the FBI Director to the Legal Attache in Mexico City regarding a request for an Air Force document on 'Unconventional Aircraft' (Flying Discs).

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-165]
RECORDED - 34
May 4, 1949
[HANDWRITTEN: Declassified 8/31/77 HPM]
CONFIDENTIAL - AIR POUCH

TO: Legal Attache
Mexico City, D.F.

FROM: Director, FBI

SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS

Reference is made to your letter dated April 5, 1949 captioned as above in which you request a copy of the Air Force memorandum mentioned in SAC Letter #38, Series 1949 dated March 25, 1949.

In response thereto there is enclosed herewith the pamphlet captioned, "Unconventional Aircraft" issued by the Department of the Air Force under date of February 15, 1949 to which reference was made in the above-mentioned SAC Letter.

Enclosure
CC - Foreign Service Desk (detached)

NLF:mk
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Tolson, Mr. Clegg, Mr. Glavin, Mr. Ladd, Mr. Nichols, Mr. Rosen, Mr. Tracy, Mr. Egan, Mr. Gurnea, Mr. Harbo, Mr. Mohr, Mr. Pennington, Mr. Quinn Tamm, Tele. Room, Mr. Nease, Miss Gandy]
[STAMP: COMMUNICATIONS SECTION BY SPECIAL MESSENGER]
[STAMP: FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE]
[STAMP: 63 MAY 11 1949]
Page 131

PAGE 131

memo

A memo from the Legal Attache in Mexico City to the FBI Director requesting a copy of an Air Force memorandum titled 'Unconventional Aircraft' that was referenced in a previous SAC letter but not received.

OFFICE OF THE LEGAL ATTACHÉ
EMBASSY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
MEXICO CITY

[HANDWRITTEN: ms.]
Date: April 5, 1949
To: Director, FBI
[HANDWRITTEN: ms.]
From: John N. Speakes, Legal Attache
Subject: FLYING DISCS

Reference is made to SAC Letter #38, Series 1949, dated March 25, 1949, advising that a copy of a memorandum from the Department of the Air Force, dated February 15, 1949, and entitled "Unconventional Aircraft," as furnished to the Bureau, was being forwarded to this office in order that all agents assigned to the Mexico City Office might be informed of the type of information desired by the Air Force in this matter.

This is to advise that the above-mentioned enclosure was not received by this office and it is respectfully requested that a copy of this memorandum be forwarded to Mexico City.

[HANDWRITTEN: EHM]

JNS:ml
[HANDWRITTEN: let mexico city w/encl 5-4-49 mlp]

RECORDED - 59
62-83894-165
F B I
12 APR 15 1949
Page 132

PAGE 132

cover-page

This is a receipt stamp page from the Atomic Energy Liaison Section of the FBI, dated April 19, 1949.

RECEIVED
ATOMIC ENERGY
LIAISON SECTION
APR 19 9 14 AM '49
F.B.I.
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
Page 133

PAGE 133

memo

This FBI memorandum details a report from informant Wade H. Harrison regarding his sighting of a flying object in Fort Smith, Arkansas, on April 16, 1949, and his subsequent conversation with an Army officer who reported a similar sighting.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : DIRECTOR, FBI DATE: 4-22-49
FROM : SAC, LITTLE ROCK
SUBJECT: UNKNOWN SUBJECTS;
WADE H. HARRISON - INFORMANT
FLYING DISCS
FORT SMITH, ARKANSAS (4-16-49)

[HANDWRITTEN: cor]
[HANDWRITTEN: Exl]
[HANDWRITTEN: O]

WADE H. HARRISON, residence address Route 1, Box 293,
Fort Smith, Arkansas, is employed as a Special Delivery messenger by
the Fort Smith Post Office Department.

HARRISON stated that at 5:25 p.m., Saturday, April 16, 1949,
while delivering special delivery mail in Fort Smith, he stopped his
automobile at a signal light located at the intersection of North
Eleventh Street and Grand Avenue. He glanced up at the stop light and
observed a brilliant object moving in a southeastern direction. He
presumed the object was approximately 2 miles high. He got out of his
automobile and pointed up with the suggestion that other automobile
drivers, stopped for the signal light, could see the object. He does
not know who any of the other people are or what they saw. He was
obliged to move on after the light changed and the drivers began honking
their horns. He watched the object until it was obscured by the line
of trees in that section. He estimated he watched it travel some
3 or 4 miles before he lost sight of it. He stated the weather was
clear, visibility was good, and there were no clouds near the object.
The object made no noise perceptible to HARRISON. However, he commented
that he was stopped at an intersection where the traffic was heavy and
there was considerable noise. He first thought possibly he had seen
some type of a reflector on an airplane, but could not locate or hear
a plane anywhere.

HARRISON drove to the 1400 Block of North "C" Street, where
he observed an Army officer, wearing the insignia of a major or lieutenant
colonel, standing back of the officer's automobile. He stopped and
asked the officer if he had observed the flying object. The officer,
name unknown to the informant, answered negatively and then remarked,
"I am glad other people are also reporting seeing flying objects."
The officer then related that the day previous, Friday, April 15, 1949,
while the officer was traveling out of Oklahoma City toward Fort Smith,
his wife observed a flying object in the sky very similar to that
described by HARRISON. The officer stated he saw the object too, but
furnished no more information.

[HANDWRITTEN: ENCL 119]
[HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-166]
[HANDWRITTEN: 19 APR 26 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-118]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED - 119]
[HANDWRITTEN: INDEXED 119]
[HANDWRITTEN: COPIES DESTROYED 270 NOV 18 1964]
[HANDWRITTEN: 61 MAY 3 1949]
Page 134

PAGE 134

memo

This memorandum details a witness statement from Maurice A. Harrison, a Post Office messenger, regarding his observation of an unidentified flying object in Little Rock on April 14, 1952.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO : DIRECTOR, FBI DATE: 8-25-52
FROM : SAC, LITTLE ROCK
SUBJECT: UNKNOWN OBJECTS; 
FLYING DISCS
(R-A-P)

MAURICE A. HARRISON, residence address 203 [REDACTED] St., Little Rock, is employed as a special delivery messenger for the Post Office Department.

HARRISON stated that at 2:45 p.m., April 14, 1952, while delivering special delivery mail in the [REDACTED] area, he stopped his vehicle at the intersection of [REDACTED] and [REDACTED] Avenues. He observed a brilliant object moving in a southerly direction. He estimated the object was approximately 2 miles high and out of his line of sight. He pointed out the suggestion that other automobiles stopped for the signal light could see the object. He does not know who the other people were that saw it, but he was obliged to move on as the light began to change and he was concerned with the object. He estimated it hovered at [REDACTED] for some time. He stated the weather was clear and there were no clouds near the object. The object made no noise susceptible to HARRISON, however, he said it was stopped at an intersection where the traffic was heavy and there were considerable noise. He said it just possibly had no shape of a reflector on an airplane, but could not base that.
Page 135

PAGE 135

memo

This memo details an interview with a man named Harrison regarding his sighting of a bright, mirror-like object, and notes that the Little Rock FBI office is closing the inquiry.

LET TO DIRECTOR 4-22-49
FLYING DISCS

HARRISON described the object as appearing some 3 or 4
inches in diameter from the distance he saw it. It was very bright
and reflected a light in a manner similar to a mirror. He reported the
incident to the local press at Fort Smith and inquired if anyone had
made a similar report. He received a negative reply. In this connection,
please find attached an article from the front page of the Southwest-Times
Record newspaper published at Fort Smith, Arkansas, Sunday, April 17,
1949.

The interview with HARRISON developed he is 52 years of age.
He has had considerable college training and attended the seminary at
Westminister, Maryland 2 1/2 years. He stated that his eyesight is very
good for a man of his age and that he has worn reading glasses only
for the past few years. He was positive he had observed the object
as related above. He was unable of course to state just what the object
was or furnish any additional information concerning it. No information
was available at Fort Smith indicating the object had fallen in that
section or that it was observed by others. The Little Rock Office is
making no further inquiries concerning the subject matter.

The offices of OSI and MID have been notified of the informa-
tion set out above.

[HANDWRITTEN: 8/4/9 52 897]

- 2 -
Page 136

PAGE 136

report

A newspaper clipping from the Southwest Times Record dated April 17, 1949, reporting a sighting of a 'flying disc' by Wade Harrison in Fort Smith, Arkansas.

SOUTHWEST - TIMES RECORD
Ft. Smith, Arkansas
April 17, 1949

Local Man Reports Seeing What
He Believes Was "Flying Disc"

Wade Harrison, Fort Smith post office employe, reported Saturday he had observed what he believed was a "flying disc."
Harrison saw what he believed was a "flying disc" as he was driving east on Grand avenue at Eleventh street. He said the object was small and was moving southeastward at a rapid rate of speed. He said the object resembled a tiny mirror.
There were no other reports of "flying discs" in the area Saturday.

ENCLOSURE
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-166]
Page 137

PAGE 137

memo

An FBI routing slip dated April 20, 1949, indicating that an attachment was sent to the Director by Walter Winchell.

DO-6

OFFICE OF DIRECTOR
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
April 20, 1949

The attached was sent to the
Director by Walter Winchell.

Attachment
mt

Mr. Tolson
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Jones
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Pennington
Tele. Room
Mr. Nease
Miss Holmes
Miss Gandy

[HANDWRITTEN: HBF]
[HANDWRITTEN: A Fletcher]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mosburg]
[HANDWRITTEN: Five 24]
Page 138

PAGE 138

cover-page

This is a routing or cover page containing multiple FBI date-stamps from April 20, 1949, indicating receipt by various officials.

RECEIVED - DIRECTOR
F B I
U. S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
APR 20 3 08 PM '49

RECEIVED - FLETCHER
APR 20 4 51 PM '49

RECEIVED - TOLSON
F B I
APR 20 4 33 PM '49
Page 139

PAGE 139

memo

A memo from J. Edgar Hoover to the Air Force regarding a report from a confidential source about three Department of Recreation employees in Los Angeles observing flying discs in April 1949.

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-167] [HANDWRITTEN: Declassified 2040 8/31/77]
CONFIDENTIAL
BY SPECIAL MESSENGER
RECORDED - 128

Date: May 2, 1949
To: Director of Special Investigations (I.G.)
Department of the Air Force
The Pentagon
Washington 25, D. C.

From: John Edgar Hoover, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation
Re: FLYING DISCS

[HANDWRITTEN: memo]
A reliable and confidential source has recently advised this Bureau that during the first part of April, 1949, Mr. C. A. Atkins, 4312 Los Feliz, Hollywood 27, California, had informed him that three employees of the Department of Recreation in Parks in the city of Los Angeles, California, had noticed objects in the sky which appeared to be flying discs.

The above information is being furnished to you for whatever action you desire and no investigation is being conducted relative thereto by this Bureau.

EHM:mdd
[STAMP: COMMUNICATIONS SECTION BY SPECIAL MESSENGER MAY 3 - 1949]
[STAMP: FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RECEIVED-DIRECTOR FBI MAY 2 2 25 PM 49]
[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE] 8/31/77]

Mr. Tolson
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Pennington
Mr. Quinn Tamm
Tele. Room
Mr. Nease
Miss Gandy
[HANDWRITTEN: MAY 20 1949]
Page 140

PAGE 140

cover-page

This is a cover page or routing slip containing a date stamp from the FBI Mail Room.

[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE] 5/6/48]

RECORDED - 158

RECEIVED-M'L ROOM
MAY 2 6 46 PM '48
F B I
U.S DEPT. OF JUSTICE
Page 141

PAGE 141

letter

A letter from C. A. Atkins to Walter Winchell regarding a sighting of a flying disc by three Department of Recreation and Parks employees in Griffith Park.

CITY OF LOS ANGELES
CALIFORNIA

COMMISSIONERS
MAURIE LUXFORD
PRESIDENT
MRS. ROLLIN BROWN
VICE-PRESIDENT
MRS. WILLIAM J. WILSON
C. TONY PEREIRA
ROBERT L. BURNS

J. J. HASSETT
SECRETARY

DEPARTMENT OF
RECREATION AND PARKS
305 CITY HALL
LOS ANGELES 12
MICHIGAN 5211

GEO. HJELTE
GENERAL MANAGER
GILBERT L. SKUTT
SUPERINTENDENT OF PARKS

FLETCHER BOWRON.
MAYOR

Hollywood, Calif. April 10, 1949.

Mr. Walter Winchell
New York City, N.Y.
My Dear Winchell. [HANDWRITTEN: To Hoover]

With reference to flying Disc's or
other flying objects, thought you would be interested
in the following. It in a measure substantiates your
statements.

Friday of last week, three of our de-
partment employees were working in Griffith Park(the
nations largest pak) when one of them, De Jarnett by name
noticed an object sailing through the sky and took a
good look to try and distinguish it from planes that
frequently fly over.

About the same time two of his men
working about a half mile away saw the object. They
checked with each other and arrived at the same conc-
lusion. It was a Disc and they ran to a telephone to
report the incident. In the meantime DeJarnett started
to the location where his men were working to check and
see if they had seen the object.

They had both seen it which proves
beyond a question of a doubt that something of the Disc
type was in the air and when the third man stated he
also saw it, I am satisfied you are very much right in
your statements and I am inclined to call a person a
liar that says there are no disc's.

One of your fans
C. A. Atkins.
4312 Los Feliz
Hollywood 27 Cal. [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-167] [HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED 1] [HANDWRITTEN: INDEXED] [HANDWRITTEN: MAY 6 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: 5-Ettn] [HANDWRITTEN: Air Force 5-3-49]

PAGE 142

Page 143

PAGE 143

memo

An FBI memo from the Director to the San Antonio SAC instructing them to report flying disk information under the 'Protection of Vital Installations' caption and referencing a previous SAC letter regarding Walter Winchell's broadcast.

SAC - San Antonio
April 26, 1949
Director - FBI
FLYING DISKS
INTERNAL SECURITY - R
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-168]
Reference is made to your letter dated April 4, 1949, captioned "Protection of Vital Installations." You are instructed in the future to report information relating to flying disks under the above caption.

In regard to your request for information that would substantiate or discredit the statements made by Walter Winchell on his broadcast of April 3, 1949, your attention is directed to SAC Letter No. 38 dated March 25, 1949, captioned "Flying Disks."

For your strictly confidential information, the data contained in SAC Letter No. 38 was obtained in confidence from a colonel in the United States Air Materiel Command, who obtained his information from persons actively engaged in the investigation of this subject.

No interview with Walter Winchell will be made by the Bureau concerning the source of his statements referred to in your referenced letter.

EHM:mpd
Page 144

PAGE 144

memo

A memo regarding the protection of V.I.P. materials, the release of files related to flying discs, and instructions to coordinate with another office regarding an investigation.

RECORDED-107

Reference is made to your letter, dated [REDACTED], concerning the
protection of V.I.P. materials. You are advised that the
information relating to the flying discs is being handled by
[REDACTED].

In regard to your request for the release of the [REDACTED]
files, the Bureau has no objection to the release of the
[REDACTED] files, provided that the names of the individuals
mentioned are deleted.

In view of the above, it is suggested that you contact the
[REDACTED] office in [REDACTED] and coordinate this matter
with them. The Bureau is not engaged in the investigation of
[REDACTED].

To interview Mr. Walter [REDACTED] will be necessary
concerning the source of his statements, as requested by [REDACTED].

[HANDWRITTEN: G.I.B.]

U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
F B I
RECEIVED-K L ROOM
APR 27 7 18 PM '45 RECEIVED-TOLSON
F B I
APR 27 2 35 PM '45
[STAMP: COMMUNICATIONS SECTION APR 27 1945 6 PM]
[STAMP: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION]
Page 145

PAGE 145

memo

This FBI memorandum details a report from the 4th Army G-2 regarding a sighting of an unconventional aircraft near Killeen Base on March 31, 1949, and notes an inquiry from the Army regarding Walter Winchell's public claims about flying discs.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Director, FBI DATE: April 4, 1949
FROM : SAC, San Antonio AIR MAIL
SPECIAL DELIVERY
SUBJECT: PROTECTION OF VITAL INSTALLATIONS
(Bureau file 65-48300)

Reference is made to San Antonio letter to the Bureau dated March 22, 1949 which submitted information related by military authorities concerning unconventional aircraft.

The Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, 4th Army, has advised that at 11:50 P.M. March 31, 1949 a lighted object about the size of a basketball, reddish white in color, followed by a fire trail, was observed southwest of Killeen Base, adjacent to Camp Hood, Texas. The observation was made by 1st Lt. FREDERICK W. DAVIS, who was in charge of a platoon, Company C, 12th Armored Infantry Battalion, which is assigned as a part of an alert force (called force Abel) from Camp Hood, whose function is to protect the installation at Killeen Base.

Lt. DAVIS advised that the object was at an altitude estimated at 6,000 ft., was traveling parallel to the ground and passed directly over him at a rapid rate of speed. It was in view 10 to 15 seconds and suddenly disappeared high in the sky without having descended. No sound or odor was detected. The night was clear and visibility good. The object passed almost directly over the air strip at Killeen Base.

When Lt. DAVIS attempted to advise his headquarters by telephone immediately after the sighting, he heard static or electrical interference on the telephone line which he stated might be possible radio interference..

G-2 has advised that other lights of unknown origin were observed on March 6, 7, 8 and 17, 1949, by military personnel of the alert force stationed approximately 1000 yards east of the fences which surround Killeen Base.

The object sighted on March 31, 1949 was reported as being of a different nature from the lights seen earlier in the month.

It is noted that Mr. WALTER WINCHELL, on his Sunday evening broadcast, April 3, 1949, stated that "flying discs" seen in this country definitely emanated from Russia.

On April 4, 1949, G-2, 4th Army, contacted this office, inquiring as to whether we had any information that would substantiate or discredit the statements made by WALTER WINCHELL.

2 cc - El Paso (100-4562)
JEJ:ED
100-7545
[HANDWRITTEN: ALL INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS UNCLASSIFIED DATE 3/22/96 BY SP/BA/ky Comp 45974] [HANDWRITTEN: Flying Discs] [HANDWRITTEN: UNRECORDED COPY FILED IN 65-58300-V] [HANDWRITTEN: SAC San Antonio 4/26/49] [HANDWRITTEN: CORDED - 105 INDEXED - 105 EX 11] [HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-168] [HANDWRITTEN: F B I 6 MAY 5 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: 5-EHM]

PAGE 146

Page 147

PAGE 147

memo

A memo suggesting that the FBI interview Mr. Winchell regarding his claims that flying discs originate from Russia, due to military concerns about protecting installations at Los Alamos, Sandia Base, and Camp Hood.

Letter to Director
SA-100-7545

April 4, 1949

In view of the interest and concern of 4th Army military authorities who have the duty of protecting the vital installations at Los Alamos, N. M., Sandia Base, N. M. in the El Paso Division, and the Camp Hood area in the San Antonio Division, it is suggested that the Bureau may desire to arrange to have Mr. WINCHELL interviewed concerning the source of his information that "flying discs" emanate from Russia.

It would be appreciated if the Bureau can supply any information that can be transmitted to military authorities which would clarify this matter.

- 2 -
Page 148

PAGE 148

letter

A letter from FBI Director John Edgar Hoover to Mr. Carey L. Davis, declining a request for a check regarding designs submitted by Davis to the federal government in 1942.

RECORDED - 104
INDEXED - 104
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-169]
May 3, 1949
Mr. Carey L. Davis
141 Claire Drive, Southeast
Atlanta, Georgia
EX-43
Dear Mr. Davis:
Your letter of April 27, 1949, has been received, and I want to thank you for sending me the newspaper clipping which you enclosed together with your observations concerning the designs you submitted to the federal government in 1942. Although I would like to be of service, checks of the type you desire are not within the scope of this Bureau's activities. It was very thoughtful of you to contact me in that regard.
Sincerely yours,
John Edgar Hoover
Director
WN:rlc [HANDWRITTEN: Rge]
[HANDWRITTEN: (Signature)]
COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 76
MAY 4 1949 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Page 149

PAGE 149

letter

A letter from Bailey L. Davis to J. Edgar Hoover requesting an investigation into whether Henry Wallace may have leaked flying saucer engine designs to Russia in 1942.

HOTEL LAWRENCE
Walnut Ridge, Ark. April 29th, 1949.
[HANDWRITTEN: Flying Saucers]
Hon. J. Edgar Hoover:
Washington, D.C.
Having read the inclosed clipping you will find with this letter prompts me to send it to you and ask you to check the National Inventors Council files on the 2 types of engines & the flying saucer design that I submitted to Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt in 1942, while Henry Wallace was Secretary of Commerce, who was in charge of the National Inventors Council.
I mean just this. See how easy it would have been for Wallace to have conveyed these designs to Russia and withheld them from our own Engineering Dept. You can make the biggest find here of your life, if you look.
I will appreciate a reply.
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-43]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED 104 62-83894]
[HANDWRITTEN: 6 MAY 10 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: ml Act 5-3-49]
Bailey L. Davis,
1410 Claire Dr. S.E.
Atlanta, Ga.
Page 150

PAGE 150

press-release

A newspaper article from the Dayton Journal-Herald discussing the death of Captain Thomas F. Mantell during a pursuit of a UFO and summarizing an Air Force report on flying disc investigations.

New Data, Ideas About Flying Saucers
And Death of Pilot Who Chased One
By United Press
DAYTON, Ohio, April 27.—The only airman who ever got near a flying saucer crashed and died before he could describe it, the Dayton Journal-Herald said today.
The newspaper printed a lengthy dispatch on the mysterious flying discs, based, it said, on hitherto unpublished reports assembled at the Wright-Patterson Air Force base. The Air Force investigation has proved that the flying saucers “are not a joke.” Neither “are they a cause for alarm to the population,” the newspaper said.
The closest any airman came to the mystery discs was on Jan. 7, 1948, when one was sighted over Fort Knox, Ky., the dispatch said. Four fighter planes were sent aloft to intercept it, but only Capt. Thomas F. Mantell was able to get close.
“I’m closing in to take a good look,” the newspaper quoted him as reporting by radio. “It looks metallic and of tremendous size. It’s going up now as fast as I am. That’s 360 miles an hour. I’m going up after it. At 20,000 feet, if I’m no closer, I’ll abandon chase.”
Mantell’s plane crashed a few minutes later and he was killed.
The paper said a report now on file at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base lists 240 domestic and 30 foreign accounts of flying discs as having been investigated. Of these, 30 per cent seem to have been weather balloons and the like and 30 per cent more are perhaps explainable conventionally—leaving 40 per cent unexplained.
The Air Force recently said there was no evidence that the discs were guided missiles fired from some other country, but that on the other hand it was not impossible that they were. Later the Air Force announced it was not making any further comments on the discs.
The Dayton paper says the report on which its story is based said the “evaluation teams” stated:
“We can’t prove or disprove the existence of some of the remaining unidentified objects as real aircraft of unconventional design.
“The possibility that the saucers [ILLEGIBLE] are [ILLEGIBLE] the [ILLEGIBLE] [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-169] ENCLOSURE
Page 151

PAGE 151

memo

A memo from FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to the Director of Special Investigations at the Air Force, enclosing a letter from Mrs. Frank Gardner regarding flying saucers.

May 10, 1949

RECORDED - 135
INDEXED - 135 [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-170]

To: Director of Special Investigations, (I. G.)
Department of the Air Force
The Pentagon
Washington 25, D. C.

From: John Edgar Hoover - Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation

Subject: INFORMATION CONCERNING FLYING SAUCERS
MRS. FRANK GARDNER - INFORMANT

Enclosed is a photostatic copy of a letter dated April 29, 1949,
received by this Bureau from Mrs. Frank Gardner concerning flying saucers.

The correspondent has been advised that a copy of her letter has
been forwarded to the United States Air Force.

This letter is being forwarded to you for any action you may
deem advisable.

Enclosure

FRW:jmf [HANDWRITTEN: jmf]

[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE] 8/31/77 HM]
[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE] 5/10/49]
[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE]]
[HANDWRITTEN: 9/38]
[HANDWRITTEN: [ILLEGIBLE]]
[HANDWRITTEN: 60 MAY 27 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: 52 MAY 27 1949]

PAGE 152

Page 153

PAGE 153

letter

A letter addressed to J. Edgar Hoover from a resident of El Monte, California, reporting a rumor about a secret aircraft factory located in mountains near Mexico City.

[HANDWRITTEN: 2310 W. Garvey El Monte Calif. 4-29-49]

Edgar J. Hoover
F.B.I.
[HANDWRITTEN: Flying Saucers]
Dear Sir:
Take this for what you think its worth, But I keep thinking I may be able to throw a light on the so called Flying Saucers, I do not know how true this is, but as our own Army says it has nothing to do concerning these Saucers appearing in the skies, I aim to tell you what a certain woman told me of a supposed secret aircraft hide out and factory that is in or under mountains near Mexico city Mexico.. This young woman is married to a Mexican radio musician there, who seems to be one of a special few who were allowed to visit this place in the mountains. She said that these aircraft was made of some metalic material that could not be reconized in the air only as an almost invisible form. That the passengers or pilot rather, could see out, but lookers on could not see inside. That close up they (the craft) looks a sort of glass. And that they were preparing them for special reason against the U.S. [HANDWRITTEN: For Security Section] [HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-178] [HANDWRITTEN: 12 MAY 13 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: lte USAF 5/10/49 FRW]
Page 154

PAGE 154

other

This page is a blank document containing only FBI date-received stamps and a handwritten name.

MR. JONES

RECEIVED
MAY 3 9 43 AM '49
F B I
DEPT OF JUSTICE

[HANDWRITTEN: Jones]

RECEIVED
MAY 4 2 04 PM '49
F B I
INTERNAL SECURITY
U S DEPT OF JUSTICE
Page 155

PAGE 155

letter

A handwritten letter from Mrs. Frank Gardner to Mr. Hoover, expressing concerns about flying saucers and recalling information she was told in 1943 or 1944 while living near the Mexican border in Texas.

that there were thousands of them. They were supposed to be the rocket type.
Now Mr. Hoover this was told me in 1944 or 43. at the time I wrote it all down and never thought any more of it until lately. and maybe I am foolish, but I thought maybe this had something to do with the flying saucers, if true.
I am a true american and love my country and if I can do any service for my country I am glad of it.
The flying saucer could be more dangerous than we think.

Respectfully yours.
Mrs. Frank Gardner

p.s.
I lived within a few miles of mexican border when this was told me.
In Texas.
Page 156

PAGE 156

form

This is a standard FBI routing slip (Form FD-1) used for internal document distribution, dated May 26, 1949.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF IN[REDACTED]TIGATION

Room 5744 [HANDWRITTEN: 5/26] 1949

TO: [HANDWRITTEN: checkmark] Director
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Fletcher
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Carlson
Mr. Nease
Miss Gandy
Personnel Files Section
Records Section
Mrs. Skillman

[BOXED LIST]
Mr. Tolson
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Pennington
Mr. Quinn Tamm
Mr. Nease
Miss Gandy
[/BOXED LIST]

See Me For Appropriate Action
Send File Note and Return

Clyde Tolson
Page 157

PAGE 157

memo

An FBI memorandum detailing reports of a 'flying disk' sighting in Merced, California, involving witness William H. Parrott and reports from local military personnel.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Director, FBI
DATE: May 13, 1949
FROM : SAC, Los Angeles
[HANDWRITTEN: 6/13/49]
SUBJECT: "FLYING DISK" REPORT
[REDACTED] INFORMATION CONCERNING

On May 5, 1949 Mr. MEL HODELL, a reporter for the Sun-Star
newspaper, Merced, California, advised Special Agent MARLIN W. JOHNSON,
that his paper had been contacted by Lt. Col. STANLEY JACOBS, Intelligence
Officer, Castle Air Force Base, Merced, California, relative to any
reports that the newspaper might have received concerning "flying disks"
in the Merced vicinity.

Mr. HODELL stated a close friend of his, one WILLIAM H. PARROTT,
12-A Langdon Villa, Merced, had advised him that he had observed a
strange object, and as he is in the Air Corps Reserve, he reported same
to the Intelligence Officer at Castle Field.

On the same date Mr. GEORGE BREMER, Detachment Commander, Office
of Special Investigations, Castle Air Force Base, Merced, California, advised
SA MARLIN W. JOHNSON that he had heard that an individual had reported
seeing a "flying disk" to the Intelligence Office at the Base but that
the Intelligence Officer had not furnished the information to him. Mr.
BREMER later on the same date contacted SA JOHNSON and exhibited a letter
written by STANLEY F. JACOBS, Lt. Col., USAF, Adjutant (Intelligence
Officer) to Commanding General, Air Material Command, Wright-Patterson
AFB, Wright Field, Ohio. This letter contained a statement given by
Mr. WILLIAM H. PARROTT which read as follows: "I had occasion to step
from my home, located approximately one mile west of the town of Merced,
on the night of April 4, 1949, at approximately 2220. My attention was
diverted to a clicking noise of considerable intensity. I stopped on the
sidewalk about 20 feet from the front steps and recognized the source of
this clicking to be in the sky in an area about 40 degrees from the surface
of the earth in an easterly direction. The sky condition was 20000 thin
broken with 12 miles visibility and surface winds were reported as north
nine M.P.H. at Castle Air Force weather station. My home is approximately
seven miles south of Castle Air Force Base and in an area somewhat sheltered
from surface winds, and no appreciable surface wind was apparent at the
time the aural observation was made. After about ten seconds of looking
into the area described previously as being the source of this sound, an
object was observed blanking out stars in describing a flight path in a
west or northwesterly direction. Only one object was apparent, its shape
can be described as only a solid mass. Its size can be estimated as four
or five feet in diameter in keeping with an estimated altitude of con-
siderably less than 1000 (one thousand) feet. Color was shown by the
reflection of ground lights on only two occasions, and appeared to be

100-2442
MWJ:JAW
RECORDED - 110
INDEXED - 110
[HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-171]
[HANDWRITTEN: 13 MAY 17 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: 33 MAY 25 1949]
EX-76
COPIES DESTROYED
270 NOV 18 1964
EX-39

PAGE 158

Page 159

PAGE 159

memo

This document is a continuation of a witness statement regarding a sighting of an unidentified object, including details about the object's movement, sound, and the witness's dog's reaction, followed by background information on the witness, Mr. Parrott, and administrative notes from Mr. Bremer.

LA 100-2442

dull surfacted, light colored metal. The only ground lights of intensity were a row of street lights behind me one half block which leads me to believe the under surface of this object to be curved in shape.

"This object when first sighted, was moving very slowly in a west or northwesterly direction. I would estimate that I had it in my range of vision for 35 seconds, after having heard it about ten seconds before locating it. It passed on beyond the house and maneuvered through an arc of turn to the left of about ninety degrees. The clicking sound was continuous throughout this turn, however, it became louder as it returned on its new heading of south or southwest. On its return the clicking sound became louder, but I was unable to see it at this time. The clicking stopped when it was at its greatest intensity and appeared to come from a position directly over head. I was unable to see the object after the sound stopped.

"This clicking sound, retained the same pitch and speed throughout the entire course observed, but intensity varied. There was not whistle or roar, but only the clicking noise which might be compared to beaters of a home mixer that were not properly meshed. No lights or flame were observed during the entire course with exception of the previous described reflections twice. No exhaust trail was distinguishable.

"My dog was with me and directed her attention in the general direction of this object's flight throughout its course. She had been romping with me on coming out of the house but without spoken word stopped and directed her attention on to the previously described area. The clicking sound might not have been unusual to the dog, but there is a possibility of sounds on wave lengths discernable only to the dog, being emitted."

It is to be noted that Mr. PARROTT is a member of the Active USAF Reserve with rank of Major. He attained rating of pilot in August 1941 and has approximately 2200 hours flying time. During his active duty period in WW2 he stated that he had considerable night flying experience in connection with his military assignment. The Intelligence Officer in the above mentioned letter made the following statement, "An attempt to locate other witnesses in the area or through the local newspaper proved unsuccessful".

Mr. BREMER advised that he is planning to clear with his headquarters office and will probably conduct an investigation.

The above is being furnished for the information of the Bureau.

-2-
Page 160

PAGE 160

memo

An FBI memorandum regarding a claim by Robert Ripley that he possessed a recovered Japanese flying saucer, which the FBI investigated and found no evidence to support.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : MR. FLETCHER [HANDWRITTEN: HB] DATE: May 26, 1949 [HANDWRITTEN: V.B]
FROM : V. P. KEAY [HANDWRITTEN: signature]
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS

BACKGROUND:

Walter Winchell forwarded to the Director a Western Union telegram he had received from Robert Ripley which stated that he, Ripley, had the only authentic Japanese flying saucer ever recovered in this country. Mr. Winchell noted on the telegram, "To J. Edgar Hoover - True?"

DETAILS:

This matter was discussed by Special Agent Reynolds with the Intelligence Division of the Army, who advised that they had no information concerning any Japanese flying saucer ever having been recovered in the United States.

This matter was discussed with Colonel William E. Carpenter, OSI-USAF, who advised on April 27, 1949 that he had interested himself in the flying saucers and related subjects and that in so far as could be determined by him through his sources in the Air Force, which are excellent, there is no authentic information available concerning the phenomenon of the flying saucers. He advised he would check with the authorities at Wright Field to determine if any information is available concerning the recovery of a Japanese flying saucer.

Colonel Carpenter has now advised that there is no information available in any arm of the Air Force to the effect that any flying saucers of any kind have been recovered in the United States. Colonel Carpenter stated delay had been encountered in determining this fact inasmuch as inquiries had been directed through individuals known to him and trusted by him and not through the usual channels from which he possibly would receive a stock answer.

The details of this case were not discussed by either Special Agents Reynolds or Sanders with the Army or Air Force and they are not aware of the telegram sent by Mr. Ripley to Mr. Winchell.

RECOMMENDATION:

The foregoing is for your information and any disposition being desirable.

[HANDWRITTEN: ESS:mk] [HANDWRITTEN: 158] [HANDWRITTEN: 57 JUN 6 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-172] [HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED - 91] [HANDWRITTEN: INDEXED - 91]
Page 161

PAGE 161

memo

This memorandum discusses inquiries made to the Army Intelligence Division and Colonel Millikin regarding the potential recovery of Japanese flying saucers in the United States, with both sources stating they have no such information.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO: MR. FLETCHER
FROM: V. P. KEAY
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS

[REDACTED]

[REDACTED] forwarded to the Director a teletype he had received from McCoy Field, which stated that the only scientific response ever covered in this country - [REDACTED] - noted on the teletype.

DETAILS:

This matter was discussed with Special Agent [REDACTED] of the Intelligence Division of the Army, who advised that they had no information concerning any Japanese flying saucer having been recovered in the United States.

This matter was discussed with Colonel Millikin. [REDACTED] who advised on April 29, 1949, that he had no knowledge of any such objects and that so far as could be determined, the sources in the Air Force, which are excellent, have no authentic information concerning the phenomenon of the flying saucer. He would advise if any information is available to the authorities to determine if it concerns the recovery of a Japanese flying saucer.

Colonel [REDACTED] has now advised that there is no available information in any of the Air Force files that any such flying saucer has been recovered in the United States. Colonel [REDACTED] stated that he had encountered no individuals known to him and not by him and that he would personally receive a shock answer from [REDACTED].

The details of this case were not discussed by other Special Agents of the Army Air Force and the [REDACTED] of the teletype just [REDACTED].

[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-LADD MAY 26 2 22 PM '49 S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-FLETCHER MAY 26 7 41 PM '49 DEPT. OF JUSTICE]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-TOLSON MAY 26 6 13 PM '49 F B I S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-DIRECTOR MAY 26 3 50 PM '49 F B I S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-TOLSON MAY 26 3 26 PM '49 F B I]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-FLETCHER MAY 26 12 53 PM '49]
Page 162

PAGE 162

letter

A Western Union telegram from Ripley to Walter Winchell inviting him to appear on the 'Believe It or Not' television show to discuss a Japanese flying saucer and the 'Russian menace'.

WESTERN UNION
1949 APR 13
CDU1016 LONG NL PD=NEWYORK NY 13=
WALTER WINCHELL=RONEY PLAZA HOTEL
MIAMI BEACH FLO=
[HANDWRITTEN: J. Edgar Hoover True?]
HAVE THE ONLY AUTHENTIC JAPANESE FLYING SAUCER EVER RECOVERED IN THIS COUNTRY. BECAUSE OF YOUR INTEREST IN THE PRESENT DAY FLYING DISCS OF THE RUSSIANS WOULD LIKE VERY MUCH TO HAVE YOU JOIN ME ON THE BELIEVE IT OR NOT TELEVISION SHOW
NEXT TUESDAY APRIL 19TH NBC NETWORK 930 TO 10PM AND GIVE YOUR COMMENTS ON FLYING DISC AND YOUR EXCLUSIVE KNOWLEDGE OF THIS LATEST RUSSIAN MENACE. REGARDS BELIEVE IT OR NOT
=RIPLEY=
19 NBC 930 10PM
[HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-173]
[HANDWRITTEN: F B I 4 MAY 27 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: OFFICE OF DIRECTOR F B I]
[HANDWRITTEN: MAY 27 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: DIVISION RECORDS SECTION RECEIVED]
Page 163

PAGE 163

cover-page

This is a cover page containing date stamps from the FBI and the Atomic Energy Liaison Section.

RECEIVED - FLETCHER
MAY 26 7 41 PM '49

RECEIVED
ATOMIC ENERGY
LIAISON SECTION
APR 26 2 05 PM '49
F.B.I.
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
Page 164

PAGE 164

letter

A letter from FBI Director John Edgar Hoover to Mrs. Frank Gardner acknowledging her previous correspondence and informing her that her letter has been forwarded to the United States Air Force.

May 10, 1949

Mrs. Frank Gardner
2310 W. Garvey
El Monte, California

Dear Mrs. Gardner:

I wish to acknowledge your letter dated April 29, 1949, and to express my appreciation for your thoughtfulness in writing to me.

In view of the contents of your letter, I have taken the liberty of sending a copy to the United States Air Force.

In the future, if you have information which may be of interest to this Bureau, you may find it more convenient to communicate with Mr. R. B. Hood, Special Agent in Charge of our Los Angeles Office, 900 Security Building, Los Angeles 13, California.

Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

CC Los Angeles with copies of incoming.

The correspondent communicated with the Bureau on one previous occasion enclosing a clipping from a Spanish language newspaper in Texas. She was apparently dissatisfied with the manner in which the Latin Americans were being treated in Texas. A cordial letter of acknowledgement was sent to her. (100-33339)

FRW:jmf
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-174]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-127]
[HANDWRITTEN: Flying discs]
[HANDWRITTEN: 63 JUN 8 1949]

RECORDED - 101
INDEXED - 101

COMMUNICATIONS SECTION
MAILED 1
MAY 10 1949 P.M.
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Page 165

PAGE 165

memo

An FBI routing slip dated April 25, 1949, regarding an attachment forwarded to Director J. Edgar Hoover by Walter Winchell with the inquiry 'True?'.

DO-6

OFFICE OF DIRECTOR
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

April 25, 1949

The attached was forwarded to
the Director by Walter Winchell.
The notation thereon reads:

"To J. Edgar Hoover.

True?"

Attachment
mt

[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Tolson]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Clegg]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Glavin]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Ladd]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Nichols]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Rosen]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Tracy]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Egan]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Gurnea]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Harbo]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Jones]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Mohr]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Pennington]
[HANDWRITTEN: Tele. Room]
[HANDWRITTEN: Mr. Nease]
[HANDWRITTEN: Miss Holmes]
[HANDWRITTEN: Miss Gandy]

DEFERRED RECORDING

60 JUN 10 1949
Page 166

PAGE 166

other

This page consists of a collection of various FBI date-received stamps from April, May, and June 1949.

RECEIVED-LADD
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
APR 25 5 00 PM '49

RECEIVED-DIRECTOR
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
APR 25 11 23 AM '49

RECEIVED-FLETCHER
APR 26 10 18 AM '49

RECEIVED-FLETCHER
MAY 26 7 41 PM '49

RECEIVED-NICHO
F B I
U S DEPT OF JU
JUN 2 10 29 AM '49

RECEIVED-10
F B I
DEPT OF JUS
PR 25 4 41
Page 167

PAGE 167

memo

An FBI memorandum detailing an interview with Miss Kaye Lochrie, who claimed that Roy Palmer had information about flying discs being used as explosives in a war between souls, and who sought to clear her name regarding suspected espionage activities.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Mr. H. B. Fletcher [HANDWRITTEN: HBF] DATE: May 23, 1949
FROM : F. J. Baumgardner [HANDWRITTEN: FJB]
SUBJECT: KAYE LOCHRIE
MISCELLANEOUS

On the afternoon of May 20, 1949, Miss Kaye Lochrie, 4900 N. Harding Avenue, Chicago 25, Illinois, was referred to my office from the Director's Office.

Miss Lochrie stated she was going to be in Washington for a few days and that she was staying at the Ambassador Hotel. She stated that Roy Palmer, Managing Editor of the Jeff Davis Publishing Company in Chicago, had some information regarding flying discs. Miss Lochrie said that Palmer's theory was to the effect that when people died their souls entered a space on this earth which is, of course, invisible to human eyes. He said that in this soul world there are good and bad people and that they have become involved in a war. According to Miss Lochrie, Palmer's theory is that the flying discs which have been seen are the explosives being used in the warfare between the good and bad souls.

Miss Lochrie stated that the real purpose of her visit to the Bureau was to get her own name cleared. She said that the FBI has been conducting investigation regarding her and that she wanted to know the results of the investigation. I asked her what kind of an investigation the FBI had been making regarding her and she stated she was under suspicion of espionage activities. I informed her that I could not furnish her with any information which is contained in the Bureau's files inasmuch as our files have been designated as confidential by the Attorney General.

Miss Lochrie accepted this explanation and stated regarding her present activities that she had been in the Wacs as a private and had received an honorable discharge in 1945. She said at the present time she is working as a model in Chicago.

She impressed me as being somewhat mentally unbalanced.

A check of the files failed to reveal that we have conducted any investigation relative to this individual.

FJB:TD
RECORDED - 62
INDEXED - 62 [HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-175]
[HANDWRITTEN: it]
[STAMP: 52 JUN 7 1949] [STAMP: 32 JUN 2 1949]
Page 168

PAGE 168

memo

A memo detailing an interview with a woman named [REDACTED] who is concerned about being under FBI investigation for espionage and discusses theories regarding 'planes' and 'explosives'.

Miss [REDACTED] stated she was going to Washington for a few days and she was staying at the [REDACTED] Hotel. She stated that she had some information regarding [REDACTED] and that she felt that she should tell someone about this, which of course is available to him. She said that there was some talk and that she felt that they became involved in [REDACTED] theory in that the planes which have been seen are explosives and used in the weather balloon and good [REDACTED].

Miss [REDACTED] stated that the real purpose of her visit to the [REDACTED] was not yet closed. She said the FBI has been [REDACTED] regarding her and she wanted to know the reason for this investigation. She stated she was under suspicion of espionage and she wanted to know if the FBI could give her any information regarding this. She stated she was concerned about her reputation and had been [REDACTED] in the past and she is again at the present time.

A check of the files we have continued to investigate this individual.
Page 169

PAGE 169

memo

An FBI memorandum from the New Orleans SAC reporting three sightings of flying discs in New Orleans between May 18 and May 23, 1949, which the Navy suggested might have been weather balloons.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO : Director, FBI
DATE: June 2, 1949
FROM : SAC, New Orleans
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS

[HANDWRITTEN: Eft]

Re SAC Letter 38, dated March 25, 1949 entitled as above.

The Bureau is advised that through the Office of Naval Intelligence, New Orleans, Louisiana, this office has been advised that within the past ten days three sightings of flying discs have been reported in the City of New Orleans. The information seems to be that the single discs were in straight flight and traveling in a general direction of North, in late afternoon, about the size of an observation plane, but the shape of a saucer. The Navy stated that two witnesses have advised that the object was traveling end over end; that weather conditions were good; that sightings were made outdoors by persons who did not wear glasses; that the dates were May 18, 19 and 23, 1949. The Navy states that it was possible these objects were weather balloons, but that these are used from only one airport, released over an hour before the times of sighting and would generally be out of sight in a few minutes.

The above is being furnished the Bureau for future reference since the Navy has informed that all three instances were investigated by the Army Intelligence.

PW/mmd

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894 176]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED - 6 JUN 6 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-138]
[HANDWRITTEN: FIVE]

[ILLEGIBLE STAMP]

[HANDWRITTEN: 8 JUN 20 1949]

[HANDWRITTEN: 8 JUN 9 1949]
Page 170

PAGE 170

memo

A memorandum discussing the Air Force's conclusion that reported disc sightings were weather balloons, received by the FBI's Atomic Energy Liaison Section on June 8, 1949.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

[REDACTED] dated 25 March 1949, as above.

The information and chart mentioned in the above memorandum, concerning the sightings of discs, have been reported in the press. These reports have been analyzed by the Air Force. It is the general opinion of the Air Force that these sightings are not of a nature to cause alarm, and that the objects have been identified as weather balloons. The weather balloons were released from various points, and the sightings were made only before the balloons would have exploded out of sight in the atmosphere.

The above is being furnished for your information, and you may wish to advise all interested parties in this matter.

[HANDWRITTEN: 27]

RECEIVED
ATOMIC ENERGY
LIAISON SECTION
JUN 8 4 50 PM '49
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
F.B.I.
Page 171

PAGE 171

memo

An FBI routing slip dated May 23, 1949, regarding an attachment sent to the Director by Walter Winchell containing a handwritten note.

DO.6
OFFICE OF DIRECTOR
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
May 23, 1949

[HANDWRITTEN: For Info - No Action necessary]

The attached was sent to the
Director by Walter Winchell.
The handwritten notation there-
on reads:
"To Hoover!
Ha!"

Attachment
mt

ENCL.

[HANDWRITTEN: 17 JUN 1 1949]

Mr. Tolson
Mr. Clegg
Mr. Glavin
Mr. Ladd
Mr. Nichols
Mr. Rosen
Mr. Tracy
Mr. Egan
Mr. Gurnea
Mr. Harbo
Mr. Jones
Mr. Mohr
Mr. Pennington
Tele. Room
Mr. Nease
Miss Holmes
Miss Gandy
Page 172

PAGE 172

other

This page contains multiple FBI date-received stamps from May 1949.

MR. JONES

MAY 25 12 35 PM '49
RECEIVED
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

MAY 23 12 53 PM '49
CEIVED - DIRECT
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

9 06 AM '49
EIVED-TOLSON
F B I
S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

MAY 25 10 55 AM '49
RECEIVED-M
F B I
U.S. DEPT.
Page 173

PAGE 173

letter

A letter from Warren R. Francioni to Walter Winchell regarding a toy called 'FLYIN' SAUCER', attempting to leverage Winchell's broadcasts about UFOs for publicity.

[HANDWRITTEN: To Hoover! Ha! J.M. 3-]
San Luis Obispo, California
May 15, 1949

Walter Winchell
New York, New York

Dear Sir:

Under attached cover you will find a sample of our item.
Should you do no more than take our FLYIN' SAUCER out, care-
fully read the instructions, and fly it; I will have accom-
plished a portion of my expectations.

For the past few weeks I have listened with more than an in-
different attitude, to your various Sunday evening broadcasts
and comments concerning Flying Saucers. From the start, much
as many another individual who has tried to get ahead by his
own initiative, I have visialized what the right type of
publicity would do for my interests.

To state my actions in any other manner, would belittle your
intelligence, and the weeks of forethought and sincerity in
which this is submitted.

Your comment this evening, concerning the Gyroscopic Theories,
sparkplugged my actions.

Along with the phases of merchandising mentioned in the att-
ached articles, I should like to mention that one troop of
Boy Scouts in Los Angeles are purchasing and enthusiastic-
ally include them as a major portion of their recreation
program.

By these facts, it is apparent that our FLYIN' SAUCER is
worthy of every effort we are able to summons in making it
another American pastime of Yo-Yo proportions.

Trusting that we are justified of your consideration from a
newsworthy standpoint, I remain

Very Sincerely Yours,
[HANDWRITTEN: Warren R. Francioni]
Warren R. Francioni
1767 Conejo Drive
San Luis Obispo, California

[HANDWRITTEN: 3 ENCL]
[HANDWRITTEN: ENCLOSURE ATTACHED]
[HANDWRITTEN: Flying Saucer]

RECORDED - 58 62-83194-177
INDEXED - 58 17 JUN 1 1949
60 JUN 15 1949
Page 174

PAGE 174

cover-page

This is a cover page for an enclosure, noting that copies were destroyed on November 18, 1964.

ENCLOSURE
COPIES DESTROYED
270 NOV 18 1964
Page 175

PAGE 175

cover-page

This is a blank manila envelope cover page with a handwritten case number.

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-177]
Page 176

PAGE 176

other

This page is an advertisement or instruction sheet for a toy called the 'FLYIN-SAUCER', a gyroscopic airfoil.

The Amazing FLYIN-SAUCER
GREAT FUN FOR THE WHOLE FAMILY!
FLYIN-SAUCER performs in an amazing way as you develop your skill in flying it. A novel way to play catch. You will think of many games to play. Adaptable to almost any game.

HOW TO FLY
Launch your FLYIN-SAUCER straight ahead with a snap of your wrist making it spin as fast as possible. DON'T THROW TOO HARD. . . . It's the spinning that gives it lift. Begin by flying about 10 feet. When windy, throw across the wind. You will quickly learn how to bank to the left or right.

FLYIN-SAUCER
(A Gyroscopic Airfoil)
PRECISELY ENGINEERED • AERODYNAMICALLY CORRECT
MADE TOUGH TO RESIST ROUGH HANDLING
Page 177

PAGE 177

other

This page provides flight instructions for a toy called a 'FLYIN' SAUCER' and outlines the rules for a game called 'THE GAME OF HECKLE' played with the device.

FLIGHT INSTRUCTIONS
FLYIN' SAUCERS have flight characteristics very similar to airplanes. The SAUCER IS launched in identically the same manner as sailing your hat onto a hook--by spinning and forward motion.
In order to fly in a straight line, the SAUCER must leave the hand in a level position. To curve the SAUCER, it must leave the hand banked or tilted in direction of desired curve--for example: for left curve--the left side of the SAUCER must be tilted down.
FOR BEST RESULTS -- The spinning of the SAUCER is most important and most difficult to master. Because the spin creates a gyroscopic action which controls the attitude of the SAUCER in flight, a smooth, fast spinning delivery should be developed. Do not hold the SAUCER too tight.
Analyze your mistakes and make corrections by tilting or banking SAUCER. The correction must be applied to the SAUCER as it leaves the hand.

SAIL 'EM BACK AND FORTH - PLAY CATCH !
Begin by flying your saucer about 10 feet. The distance you are able to fly it will quickly increase with practice.

MAKE 'EM TURN ! 
By releasing the SAUCER in a tilted manner, you can make it turn to the left or right. Bank it the way you want it to turn. It is advisable to learn to fly straight before starting to make turns.

MAKE 'EM COME BACK !
After learning to fly straight and make turns, you'll be able to make your SAUCER return to you by sailing it into the breeze at a sharp angle. The harder a wind blows, the flatter an angle you can fly it to make it return. Spin SAUCER as much as possible.

MAKE 'EM SKIP !
Right-handers launch SAUCER so that left side strikes hard surface. Right side for left-handers.

THE GAME OF HECKLE
THE GAME OF HECKLE provides a means of utilizing the unique manner in which the FLYIN' SAUCER can be guided. Rules and regulations are provided, forming the basis for skill and competition
PLAYERS -- Four -- with two on each team.
OBJECT -- To fly SAUCER around HECKLERS into your partner's circle.
ALL CIRCLES ARE 6 FEET IN DIAMETER .. CENTER SPACE MAY VARY WITH ABILITY.
All players must remain in their circle until SAUCER is airborne.
The game begins with the Flier (A) attempting to sail the SAUCER around the HECKLERS in the circles (B) and (C) so that his partner in the Receiver's circle (D) can catch it.
Flier (A) must remain in his circle when serving the SAUCER.
HECKLER (B) must remain in his circle at all times while his team is defensive. He may attempt to stop the flight of the SAUCER, or distract the Flier in any manner. Should he step or fall out of his circle, his team forfeits 1 point and the offensive team retains serve.
HECKLER (C) remains in his circle until SAUCER is airborne. He may then leave his circle to heckle the Receiver (D) in any manner so long as he doesn't interfere with flight of SAUCER or touch the Receiver, or step into the Receiver's circle. Hecklers forfeit 2 points for each infraction.
Receiver (D) attempts to catch the SAUCER in his circle. Should he do so, then his team receives 2 points. Should it be necessary for the Receiver to leave his circle to catch the SAUCER, then his team scores but 1 point. Should he drop or miss the SAUCER, no points are scored, and the teams change positions. (A) changes with (B) and (C) changes with (D).
(C) is now the Flier, and (B) the Receiver. HECKLER (D) must remain in his circle, and the HECKLER (A) becomes the roving HECKLER.
Teams change positions when the Receiver fails to catch the SAUCER.
In the event that no Referee is available, disputes will be settled by mutual agreement, or the flip of a coin.
First team to score 25 points wins the game. KEEP 'EM FLYIN'
This is a PIPCO PRODUCT San Luis Obispo, Calif.

PAGE 178

Page 179

PAGE 179

press-release

A newspaper article from the Atlanta Journal dated July 25, 1948, reporting on a sighting of a wingless, glowing aircraft by Eastern Air Line pilots C. S. Chiles and John Whitted near Montgomery, Alabama.

'Sky Devil-Ship' Scares Pilots; Air Chief Wishes He Had One

Plane Makers Dubious About Alabama 'Thing'

By WILLIAM KEY
What was that Thing that scared the daylights out of two Atlanta Eastern Air Line pilots in the spooky hours Saturday morning?
Is there some stratospheric Loch Ness fire-breathing monster on the Milky Way run between Atlanta and New Orleans?
The pilots, Capt. C. S. Chiles, of Atlanta, and Co-Pilot J. B. Whitted, of Hapeville, would like to know. The Army Strategic Air Command would like to know. Big airplane manufacturers also are curious, but slightly dubious.
Pilots Chiles and Whitted told their thrilling story upon arriving at municipal airport here Saturday on the Houston-Atlanta, Boston run. Here is what they say they saw, near Montgomery:
A gigantic plane without wings, black against the night sky, streaking through the heavens at 5,000 feet altitude with a fiery comet's tail 25 to 50 feet in length. It had a 100-foot fuselage about four times the circumference of a B-29's, and two rows of brilliantly lighted square windows. Creepiest of all, it was a veritable Flying Dutchman of the Skies. Nary a living soul was seen aboard!

EAL FLIERS DESCRIBE WINGLESS AIRCRAFT
Copilot John Whitted and Capt. C. S. Chiles (right).

ATLANTA JOURNAL
SUNDAY, 7/25/48
Page 180

PAGE 180

press-release

A newspaper clipping from the Atlanta Journal dated July 25, 1948, discussing reports of an unidentified aerial object seen by pilots, with comments from C. L. McKelvie, General George C. Kenney, and William M. Allen, and an official explanation suggesting it was a weather balloon.

Continuous Light
The pilots admitted they had goose pimples riding pick-a-back on goose pimples. What's more, they said one of their 20 passengers—C. L. McKelvie, of Columbus, Ohio—was awake and saw the same thing.
Reporters nailed Mr. McKelvie at Kennett Square, Pa. How about it, they asked him—had he seen what the Atlanta pilots said he saw?
Well, now, said Mr. McKelvie—not exactly. He said he saw "no form of ship" whatever. He saw a "continuous light speed past" his window.
"But," added Mr. McK., "I'm not very well versed in aeronautics, and certainly I wasn't looking for any Buck Rogers space ship."
Out at Santa Monica, Cal., the famous Gen. George C. Kenney, chief of the Strategic Air Command, was bearded in his den. His eyes twinkled. No, he said, cautiously, it wasn't one of his planes. The Army as yet hasn't got anything like the Thing seen over Montgomery.
Not Boeing Plane
"I wish we did," the general said wistfully. "I sure would have liked to see that Thing."
So said William M. Allen, president of the Boeing Aircraft Co., up at Seattle. "I'm pretty sure it wasn't one of our planes," said Mr. Allen, modestly.
Almost identical statements issued by the Army Air Forces at Washington and the United States Weather Bureau at Montgomery tended to throw some light on this fantasy. Both sources suggested that the Atlanta pilots had flown past an air radar weather observation balloon. Those things, they explained, are 10 feet in diameter and have square, tinfoil boxes fastened to them. The boxes reflect light and "give strange illusions" as they twist and turn. Maxwell Field said they send 'em up at six-hour intervals.
And Maxwell Field is at Montgomery.

ATLANTA JOURNAL
SUNDAY, 7/25/48
Page 181

PAGE 181

report

A newspaper clipping from the Atlanta Journal dated July 27, 1948, reporting on multiple sightings of unidentified aerial phenomena described as 'flying floor lamps' and 'balls of fire' over Atlanta and Augusta.

'Flying Floor Lamp' Again Sighted Here

By CHARLES POU
That "flying floor lamp" is at it again!
An illuminated cantaloupe rolled over the city!
And a newspaperman saw "great balls of fire!
What's more, two Richmond Va., schoolteachers say they saw the same "flame-spurting" sky monster which was spotted by Eastern Air Lines pilots near Montgomery.

Like Red Floor Lamp
"I saw Halley's comet—and it was nothing like what I saw last night," declared Mrs. W. R. Delk, of 914 Hemphill ave., N. W. Breathlessly, Mrs. Delk continued:
"The front end of it looked like a flying floor lamp—a fiery-red floor lamp. Then it trailed off in little square sections.
"Oh, Halley's comet was nothing like that."
And Mrs. Delk was joined by at least 15 other Atlantians who saw a Thing which banked and rolled and breathed fire over the city Monday night between 8 p. m. and 9:45 p. m.
In the downtown section, Mr. and Mrs. Richard P. Sellers were minding their own business when a "reddish-white ball of fire about the size of a cantaloupe with a tail on it" darted over buildings.
Mrs. A. C. Kirby, of Carey Park, has never seen a purple cow but she did see "a great ball of fire with a great long purple tail on it." That was about 9:40 p. m.

"Bluish Streak of Light"
An attendant at the naval air station thought he was watching a falling star, until it started climbing and banked away from Atlanta. To him, it looked like a "bluish streak of light."
And now about the newspaperman. John Battle, city editor of the Augusta Chronicle, hung up the telephone after a dozen calls about weird goings-on in the Augusta skies.
He looked out the window. He summoned his staff. "Great balls of fire!"

ATLANTA JOURNAL, 7/27/48
Page 182

PAGE 182

press-release

A newspaper clipping from the Atlanta Journal dated July 26, 1948, reporting on various sightings of unidentified flying objects described as a 'floor lamp', 'silver cylinder', and 'wingless craft'.

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-145]

'LIKE BIG FLOOR LAMP FLYING ALONG'

Everybody's Seeing 'Things'
Whizzing Through Night Sky

By CHARLES POU

Is that Thing no more than a wayward floor lamp?

Mrs. Noah Atkinson, of Brookhaven, saw it. And what did that Thing look like?

"A great big floor lamp, all lit up. Oh, it was beautiful!"

And C. M. Bowles, an Exposition Mills painter who lives near the Municipal airport, Sunday night saw a "huge, brilliantly lighted object" streaking over Atlanta skies at maybe 30,000 feet. Mr. Bowles thinks the Thing was straight from Moscow.

Two air line pilots first were startled by the newest astronomical "what-is-it" near Montgomery early Saturday. To them, it was "a wingless craft, spurting flame like a Buck Rogers rocket ship." Elsewhere, all over the country, that Thing was variously identified as:

1. An aluminum covered balloon.
2. A ball of fire.
3. An unusually bright light.
4. A red and blue flame that burst in mid-air.
5. A flash of cherry red fire.
6. A meteor.

Mrs. Atkinson kept her Flying Floorlamp secret three weeks. But she knew she wasn't seeing things when she saw the Thing. She and her husband, who also saw it, kept mum. The story really sounded a little silly until the two air line pilots saw their Thing gamboling and fire-breathing through air-line skies early Saturday morning.

After that, she decided her tale could be told:

"My husband and I were sitting on our front porch the night of July 5, and at a quarter to 9 o'clock we saw this Thing. Our front porch doesn't have a screen, and we were sitting near the edge where we could see good.

"I saw it first. It was not high up—about 200 feet, I guess, but it looked like it was right above the treetops. 'Looka there', I yelled to my husband, and he saw it too.

"It looked like the top part of a floor lamp, and it was the prettiest thing I ever saw. It came and passed so quick—I guess it must have been 500 miles an hour or faster."

And how about the two air line pilots, C. S. Chiles and John B. Whitted, of Atlanta?

Well, they took off today, armed with a camera. And they hope to bring back a picture of that Thing.

Beach Throngs Crane
At 'Silver Cylinder'

ASBURY PARK, N. J., July 26. (AP)—Boardwalk throngs at this resort city craned their necks Monday at a "silver cylinder" they reported flying high overhead.

They described it as "way up in the air," and like a blimp "only blunt at both ends."

Officials, recalling "flying saucers," asked Fort Monmouth personnel to see if they could identify it.

ATLANTA JOURNAL, 7/26/48
Page 183

PAGE 183

letter

A letter from Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant to the publisher of the Atlanta Journal requesting tear sheets of articles regarding a mysterious aircraft sighting near Montgomery, Alabama, involving pilots C. S. Chiles and John B. Whitted.

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-145]

COPY

COPY

COPY

1515 - 9th St.

Wichita Falls, Texas

Aug. 5, 1948

Publisher,

Atlanta Journal,

Atlanta, Georgia.

Dear Sir:

On July 25, 1948, I mailed a letter enclosing .35 cents in coin and an airmail self-addressed envelop to your circulation department, asking for tear sheets of the Atlanta Journal containing the stories on a "strange" or "mysterious" aircraft seen near Montgomery, Alabama, July 24, 1948, by two pilots, Cap't C. S. Chiles and John B. Whitted, of the Eastern Air Lines.

These have not arrived. I asked for two copies each of the stories. Enclosed is an additional .35 cents, and another stamped self-addressed envelop. Will you kindly see that your circulation department complies with this simple request?

I assure you that my interest in the above stories is prompted by interest in the defense of our country, and you are hereby given my fullest permission to turn this letter requesting the copies of the stories over to the FBI, should you wish.

Thanking you very kindly, I am,

Sincerely,

/s/ Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant
Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant

cc/Agent-In-Charge
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Atlanta, Georgia
Page 184

PAGE 184

letter

A letter from Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant regarding an incident she previously reported to Major Sidney Newburger and General Handy, requesting newspaper clippings.

The incident was, I believe, an important one. And though I have already made reports to Maj. Sidney Newburger of Los Alamos and to General Handy, I would appreciate the fuller newspaper stories appearing in the press there. Thanking you kindly, I am,

Sincerely,

/s/ Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant
Mrs. Madeline Gwynne Merchant
Page 185

PAGE 185

letter

A letter from a private citizen in Wichita Falls, Texas, to the FBI in Atlanta, Georgia, regarding a request for newspaper tear sheets about an unusual aircraft sighting near Montgomery, Alabama, on July 24, 1948.

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-145]

COPY

COPY

COPY

1515 - 9th St.

Wichita Falls, Texas

Aug. 5, 1948

Agent-In-Charge,

Federal Bureau of Investigation,

Atlanta, Georgia.

Dear Sir:

Enclosed is a carbon of a letter requesting tear sheets of the unusual aircraft seen near Montgomery, Alabama, July 24, 1948, stories concerning which were carried by AP and UP, originating in Atlanta.

It may have been oversight by someone in the circulation dep't of the Atlanta Journal, or it may have been "alarm" that a woman would be requesting this type of information, even though it was published, and thereby open information.

Even though I cannot identify myself to the Atlanta Journal publisher or staff, I can to you. I have worked independently on the problem of aerial missiles, of which I believe this was an example, with all my data going directly to officials and members of the security office of the Atomic Energy Comm., Los Alamos Atomic Project, Los Alamos, N.M., and to high members of the War Department, including Gen. Thomas T. Handy, Fourth U. S. Army Commander, Ft. Sam Houston, Tex., head of this U. S. Army district.
Page 186

PAGE 186

other

A newspaper article describing the invention of a plastic 'flying saucer' toy by two former Army Air Force fliers, Major Warren Franscioni and Lieut. Fred Morrison, and its use by a football coach in Hemet, California.

[HANDWRITTEN: 65 HS1 834228961 62 HQ 83894 Section 4]
Ex-Army Air Force Fliers
Invert Novel, New Game

'Flying Saucers' Catch
Fancy of Daytona Beach
Visitors and Residents

By JACK TROY
Times-Union Staff Writer
DAYTONA BEACH, Feb. 14—The
ingenuity of two former Army Air
Force fliers from California is
"paying off" at this Florida Beach
resort where, nowadays, the air is
full of "flying saucers."

When Major Warren Franscioni
and Lieut. Fred Morrison of San
Louis Obispo completed their war
experiences in the China-Burma-
India and the Italian theatres of op-
eration, they returned home and
joined forces in a novel industry.

Morrison had always been in-
trigued by the idea of sailing pie
pans on the beach, and so he and
Franscioni put their heads and tal-
ents together and came up with a
plastic version with fins. They then
had invented a new game, a novel
way of playing catch with flying
saucers, a gyroscopic airfoil aero-
dynamically correct, precisely engi-
neered and a pleasant way to take
exercise.

Grid Coach Uses It
The football coach at Hemet,
Calif., High School was intrigued
with the idea of using the saucers
to condition his players, teach them
balance and to reach out to make
catches of the discs which, by cer-
tain methods of spinning, boom-
erang and also sail away from the
intended receiver. A player has to
be on his toes to catch them, espe-
cially if the wind is blowing.

It may be just coincidence, Fran-
scioni and Morrison said today, but
the Hemet coach last season turned
out his first championship team. The
boys were on their toes.

Although they had their discs
made in Glendale and had planned
on extensive West Coast promotion,
snow flakes unexpectedly fell and
so they headed for Daytona Beach,
where, according to the tourists,
"summer spends the winter."

No snow flakes fall here; only
flying saucers, which are so durable
that they are not injured by cars
passing over them.

Morrison was shot down in his
fifty-eighth mission in Italy but
escaped serious injury. The two
ex-Army officers refer to them-
selves as the world's champion Fly-
ing Saucer pilots, and certainly
their novel invention -conceived in
California and promoted in Florida
-has caught on with beach lovers.
They were smart enough, of
course, to patent the Flying Saucer
idea in order to capitalize on ready-
made publicity born of repeated
Saucer scares around the country.

In throwing the old pie or cake
tins there always was the danger
of cutting one's hands. But with
the new plastic fin saucers, the
only danger is getting bopped in
the nose. And only the less agile
allow that to happen once in a
while.

Promotion Main Problem
Franscioni and Morrison feel that
coaches might find their sailing
gadgets just as handy in training a
squad as did the coach of Hemet.
And they are hopeful that they
may, in time to come, expand their
wares from coast to coast.

At the present time Daytona
Beach is the only resort that has
seen the saucers. The boys are
contemplating attending a few fairs
and getting their product before
larger masses of the public.

"Promotion is our only problem,"
Morrison declared. "Production is
no item. All who've tried our in-
teresting little gadget seem to have
fun sailing it, and they also find
that they are using muscles long
neglected."
Page 187

PAGE 187

memo

An FBI office memorandum from the Richmond SAC to the Director regarding news clippings of a flying disc sighting in Radford, Virginia, on May 12, 1949, noting that no official investigation was conducted.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : DIRECTOR, FBI DATE: 5-17-49
FROM : SAC, RICHMOND
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS SIGHTED AT RADFORD, VIRGINIA
MAY 12, 1949

[HANDWRITTEN: R3 - G. I. R. -8]
[HANDWRITTEN: MS]

There are enclosed [HANDWRITTEN: two] clippings concerning what has been described as a flying disc sighted at Radford, Virginia on May 12, 1949. The Bureau may desire to refer this to the Department of the Air Force. This office has no information other than that appearing in the news items which appear to cover the best information available. The matter was not reported directly to this office and, therefore, no investigation or inquiries are being made and none of the individuals who allegedly saw the thing have been interviewed. [HANDWRITTEN: 0]

ELB:GTC
Enclosures (2)

[HANDWRITTEN: Flying discs]
[HANDWRITTEN: 3]
[HANDWRITTEN: No Action]
[HANDWRITTEN: IN]
[HANDWRITTEN: 78]
[HANDWRITTEN: 58 JUN 13 1949]

INDEXED - 78
RECORDED - 78
EX-42
EX-42
162-83894-178
F B I
31 MAY 25 1949
[HANDWRITTEN: FIVE]
[HANDWRITTEN: Ettn Mossburg]
Page 188

PAGE 188

memo

A memorandum from the Richmond FBI office to the Director regarding a newspaper clipping about a disc sighted in Radford, Virginia, on May 12, 1949, noting that the FBI had no prior information on the event.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO: DIRECTOR, FBI
FROM: SAC, RICHMOND
SUBJECT: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] VIRGINIA

There are enclosed the clippings concerning what has
been described as a disc sighted at Radford, Virginia, on
12 May 1949. The undersigned desires to refer this to the
attention of the Air Force. This Office has no information
pertaining to the news item which appears to cover the
information available. The matter was not reported to this office and
there is no indication of inquiries being made and of
the individuals who might have been involved.

[HANDWRITTEN: 15-18]

[HANDWRITTEN: MR. JONES]

RECEIVED
MAY 19 10 31 AM '49
FBI
INTERNAL SECURITY
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

RECEIVED
MAY 20 10 06 AM '49
REVERED ESPIONAGE
F B I
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
Page 189

PAGE 189

letter

A letter from FBI Director John Edgar Hoover to Mrs. Henry Beston acknowledging receipt of her report regarding a sighting of a small object in the sky, which the FBI concludes was likely a weather balloon.

May 25, 1949

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-179]

Mrs. Henry Beston
Chimney Farm
Nobleboro, Maine

Dear Mrs. Beston:

Your letter postmarked May 16, 1949, has been received and I want to thank you for sending me information concerning the matter you mentioned. It was indeed very thoughtful of you to report that data to this organization.

Sincerely yours,

John Edgar Hoover
Director

NOTE: Correspondent saw a small object in the sky near the end of the day which took various shapes and through glasses appeared like a double bloom trailing something below it. She belives it might be a flying disk. In view of her nebulous information and as it was very possibly a weather balloon no further action is deemed necessary.

WN:mjp

[HANDWRITTEN: Fletcher 8/9]
Page 190

PAGE 190

other

This page is a collection of various FBI and Department of Justice date stamps indicating receipt of a document between May 26, 1949, and June 7, 1949.

[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED - 65]

[STAMP: RECEIVED
JUN 2 5 41 PM '49]

[STAMP: WVA SE 1818
JUN 2 1949]

[STAMP: RECEIVED
JUN 2 5 38 PM '49]

[STAMP: U.S. DEPT OF JUSTICE
JUN 1 1 49 PM '49]

[STAMP: RECEIVED
JUN 7 11 14 AM '49]

[STAMP: RECEIVED-FLETCHER
F B I
DEPT OF JUSTICE
U.S. DEPT OF JUSTICE
JUN 2 5 34 AM '49]

[STAMP: RECEIVED-10120M
F B I
MAY 26 5 41 PM '49]
Page 191

PAGE 191

report

A newspaper clipping from the Lynchburg Advance dated May 13, 1949, reporting on multiple sightings of a cigar-shaped object with red lights and trailing smoke across Virginia and Tennessee.

Lynchburg Advance
5/13/49

These Flying Discs
Are at It Again,
Virginians Report

Zounds! Here we go again! Interplanetary space-ship? Visitor from Mars? A new Russian rocket ship? Airgoing submarine? Just take your choice, your guess is every bit as good as the next one according to reports from various sections of Virginia and Tennessee on last night's strange phenomenon.

What it was, where it came from and where it was going, no one knows, but even Civil Aeronautics Administration officials were puzzled and had no answer.

Whatever the thing was, it resembled a long cigar, with a bright red nose and trailing smoke. Reports coinciding with that description came from localities along an almost direct line through Tennessee and Virginia and seemed sufficient to convince even the most skeptical that what the callers said they had seen was no figment of imagination.

The descriptions generally indicated the object came over the southwest horizon and resembled a streak of fire. There seemed to be red lights or a powerful red glow in the nose of the object. Far back at the tail there was fire and smoke.

The first report came from Roanoke about 8 o'clock when J. S. Mays and W. F. Mullins, both of that city, said they noticed the object.

"It looked like a streak of fire," said Mays, "and appeared to be going almost straight up and was stepping on it."

Suddenly, he said, it appeared to level off and head eastward, resembling "a snake wiggling on water."

Other reports followed from Kingsport, Tenn., Bristol, Pulaski, Christiansburg and points west of Roanoke.

William C. Flanik, chief aircraft communicator, CAA, at Preston Glenn airport, said none of the Lynchburg tower men had sighted any unusual objects in the sky.

FBI - RICHMOND
MAY 1 4 1949

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-178
ENCLOSURE]

PAGE 192

Page 193

PAGE 193

press-release

A newspaper clipping from the Bristol Herald Courier dated May 14, 1949, reporting multiple sightings of cigar-shaped objects in the sky over Bristol, Virginia, and surrounding areas.

Remember Flying Saucers? Well
Looks Like Flying Seegars Now

Flying saucers are passe.
Now people in Bristol are seeing "long, cigar-shaped object" flashing across the sky.
But Bristolians were not the only spectators of the strange craft yesterday evening.
The flaming object was reported sighted at Kingsport, Christiansburg and Roanoke and three at Pulaski.
Rex Rainey, 1805 State Street, reported that he saw a "whitish, glistening mass, long and cylindrical like a big cigar," flying from east to west about 7:15 yesterday. He said he sighted the "cigar" flying very rapidly over Virginia Heights and got out his binoculars to look at it.
An unidentified caller informed the Herald Courier last night that she had sighted something that "looked like white smoke with a blue flame that traveled to the north and east" about the same time. "It didn't look like an airplane," she said, "only like white smoke. It was just a streak and almost out of sight it was so high."
Another local woman reported that she had seen a "silver streak that looked like it was about 100 feet long" flash across the sky shortly after seven o'clock. She estimated the speed at about 200 miles per hour.
A traffic controlman at Tri-Cities Airport, who asked that his name be withheld, said that the strange craft had not been seen at the airport although they had had inquires on the "cigar-streak."
He said he had checked with the Atlanta Air Route traffic control center after receiving inquiries but they reported no knowledge of any jet aircraft in this vicinity.
He speculated that the streaks may have been caused by a jet-propelled plane or planes. "The objects were reported flying at an altitude of 30,000 feet," he said. "If a jet plane were flying that high, it would be moving so fast the vapor trail would be about all a person on the ground could see."
The controlman said that the

Pulaski radio reported two seen there. One about 4 p. m., and the other an hour later. He said that Pulaski also had a pilot's report of the "streak" traveling northeast at an altitude of about 30,000 feet.
Reports on the "flaming object" were received at Christiansburg and Roanoke but airports in those vicinities reported no information on the strange craft.

[HANDWRITTEN: BRISTOL HERALD COURIER BRISTOL, VA 5/14/49.]

[HANDWRITTEN: 94-859]

FBI - RICHMOND
MAY 1 7 1949

ENCLOSURE
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-178]
Page 194

PAGE 194

letter

A letter from a resident of Nobleboro, Maine, describing weather conditions on May 14, 1949, near Damariscotta Pond.

Chimney Farm
NOBLEBORO, MAINE

[HANDWRITTEN: V, M, 3-]

Dear Sirs:

We live in Maine in the town of Nobleboro, about a mile northwest of route no 1, on Damariscotta Pond. Yesterday May 14, there was a high light mist and a shower in the afternoon but it cleared off for sunset. There was a moderate southwest breeze at 7:45 P.M. [HANDWRITTEN: Flying Discs] The streaks of clouds on the horizon, especially to the east were rosy.

[HANDWRITTEN: I happened at that time]

[HANDWRITTEN: 5-25-49]

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-179]

[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED-62 INDEXED]

[HANDWRITTEN: FIVE]
Page 195

PAGE 195

transcript

A handwritten witness account describing the observation of an unidentified object in the sky that changed shape and appeared to be on fire.

to glance at the zenith [ILLEGIBLE] was clear and was surprised to see a small object bright in the sunset. It might have been half of the smallest of clouds but its shape was angular, more like a piece of torn paper. This shape changed as the object floated north easterly before the wind; sometimes it appeared to have a bite taken out of it, Several times it reminded me of a hand. I called my husband and sister and later our house keeper and a friend of hers. As the object grew smaller it seemed to be on fire, an
Page 196

PAGE 196

transcript

A handwritten witness account describing the visual appearance and movement of an unidentified object in the sky, noting its shape, distance, and eventual disappearance.

at their ends so that it [REDACTED] presented the appearance of an aimless marionette, constantly whirling. To me, with the glasses, the middle appeared sometimes bean shaped but that may well be a defect in my eyesight, as the object was then very distant.

At last it disappeared from sight entirely. As we had no guess at its altitude we could not guess its size although I would hazard the statement that it seemed at about the usual altitude of passing planes and seemed to fade away much as a plane would, but far more slowly. We must have seen it for ten
Page 197

PAGE 197

letter

A handwritten account from Chimney Farm, Nobleboro, Maine, describing the observation of an object in the sky that appeared to be shaped like a double balloon with a trailing structure.

Chimney Farm
NOBLEBORO, MAINE

effect we supposed of the sunset; it seemed to keep the same altitude but became small and dark, a line, perpendicular to the earth, always revolving but never losing its perpendicular position. With bird glasses it appeared in shape like a double balloon, trailing something below it. The lower balloon or body " seemed a little large. My sister whose eyesight is remarkably good, said that both balloons appeared to her pear-shaped and the trailing object below seemed separated into two "legs" with heavier "feet"
Page 198

PAGE 198

letter

A personal letter from Elizabeth Beston describing a sighting of an object she suspects was a weather balloon, sent in response to a request for reports on such sightings.

Chimney Farm
NOBLEBORO, MAINE

minutes, though we did not look at our watches until it was gone. It was then a few minutes before eight.
There was no audible sound.
We of course call it our flying saucer, but it was never oval, and never fast-moving and never appeared to be about to come down anywhere. We suppose it to have been some sort of weather balloon, but as we understand that you wish reports on them, here is this.
Yours sincerely,
Elizabeth Beston
(Mrs. Henry Beston)
3
Page 199

PAGE 199

form

This FBI report details an investigation into a fire in Scranton, Pennsylvania, where a complainant, Frederic Marquardt, suggested the fire was caused by a military flare or a 'flying saucer'.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
Form No. 1
THIS CASE ORIGINATED AT PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA FILE NO. 62-2542 VFH
REPORT MADE AT PHILADELPHIA, PA. DATE WHEN MADE 6-15-49 PERIOD FOR WHICH MADE 5-20-49 REPORT MADE BY JAMES L. KIRKLAND
TITLE UNKNOWN SUBJECT; FIRE, SCRANTON, PENNSYLVANIA, UNKNOWN DATE GEORGE KINGTON, COMPLAINANT CHARACTER OF CASE MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION CONCERNING
SYNOPSIS OF FACTS: FREDERIC MARQUARDT submitted ash residue to Fire Marshal's Office, Philadelphia, Pa., which made chemical analysis. MARQUARDT of opinion that fire may have been caused by military flare or "flying saucer".
- C -
DETAILS: This investigation is predicated upon a letter received from the office of the Fire Marshal, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 19, 1949, advising that ashes had been received from one [HANDWRITTEN: f.c to AFI 6-30-49 EHM] F. MARQUARDT, purportedly from a fire which had continued to burn for twelve hours. A chemical analysis of the ashes had been requested. The Fire Marshal's Office noted that MARQUARDT had at one time worked for the Atomic Energy Commission.
Captain MICHAEL HANNAN, Fire Marshal's Office, advised that there had been received through the mail on April 21, 1949, an ash sample with a request for analysis. In the letter of transmittal, MARQUARDT had pointed out that the fire had continued to burn twelve hours after water had first been applied. The original letter of transmittal was examined and reflected that an object had entered the roof of the building, caused an explosion, and threw people out of bed.
Captain HANNAN said he attempted to locate MARQUARDT at his residence, 127 South 16th Street, but had been unsuccessful. He added that at the time the building manager had commented that MARQUARDT had been employed by the Atomic Energy Commission. MARQUARDT was then requested by letter to appear at the Fire Marshal's Office.
APPROVED AND FORWARDED: L. V. Boardman [HANDWRITTEN: signature] SPECIAL AGENT IN CHARGE
COPIES OF THIS REPORT
2 - Bureau
2 - Philadelphia
[HANDWRITTEN: COPY IN FILE]

PAGE 200

Page 201

PAGE 201

report

This report details an interview with Frederic Marquardt regarding a fire at the home of Woody Shaeffer in Lake Ariel, Pennsylvania, which was allegedly caused by a large object striking the roof, possibly a military flare or a flying saucer.

PH 62-2542

Acting Chief GEORGE KINGTON advised that he had interviewed MARQUARDT at the time he came to the office since Captain HANNAN was absent at the time. He said that he then learned for the first time that the fire in question had taken place near Scranton, Pennsylvania, and had occurred about six months previously. This caused the Marshal's Office to withdraw from the case on a question of jurisdiction and MARQUARDT was advised that any further action on his part should be referred to the State Police authorities.

At the same time, KINGTON furnished MARQUARDT with the results of the analysis which had been made of the ash submitted, and which analysis had been made by Dr. EDWARD BURKE, City Chemist, Chemical Laboratory, Room 875, City Hall. This report reflected that the ash contained Magnesium, Aluminum, Iron, and Calcium in the form of silicates, sulphur and carbonates.

FREDERIC MARQUARDT was interviewed at his place of business, the H. A. KULJIAN COMPANY, Broad Street and Girard Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At this time he advised that he had received the sample of ash from a friend, WOODY SHAEFFER, Lake Ariel, R. D., Wayne County, Pennsylvania, through the mail. He said that Lake Ariel is about one mile south of South Canaan, near Scranton, Pennsylvania. He stated that SHAEFFER'S house had burned about six months ago, that the fire had occurred at night during a storm and that a large object had struck the roof and ignited the house which had burned to the ground in less than an hour.

He said that he had not been present during the fire but that these details had been furnished by letter from SHAEFFER at the time a sample of the ash was forwarded for analysis. He said that he was of the personal opinion that the ash might be a part of a military flare or a "flying saucer".

He pointed out that he has been advised by associates in the engineering field that one of the characteristics of some types of flares is the fact that they burn for a considerable period. He stated that the mass of the ash residue had remained ignited for a period of twelve hours. He also stated that he did not think there had been an explosion but that a loud noise had probably been caused by the vacuum created as the missile or object struck the roof. He added that there remains a quantity of the ash, amounting to one bushel, at SHAEFFER'S premises at Lake Ariel.

- 2 -
Page 202

PAGE 202

report

This document is a report regarding an investigation into an individual named Marquardt, noting that no violation of Bureau jurisdiction was found, but ash residue is being sent to the laboratory for study in relation to 'flying saucers'.

PH 62-2542

MARQUARDT advised that he had been employed by the Atomic Energy Commission at Oak Ridge until 1943. He was entirely rational. He discounted the theory that a portion of a meteor had struck the house on the basis of the chemical analysis made by the City Chemical Laboratory.

MARQUARDT advised that at the suggestion of the City authorities, he had written to SHAEFFER and suggested that any further inquiries be directed to the State Police.

The file of the Philadelphia Office reflect that the records of Immigration and Naturalization Service were negative to an inquiry concerning FREDERIC S. MARQUARDT, OEM (Bureau File 77-30297). The files of this office likewise reflect that MARQUARDT by letter received August 14, 1947, requested of this office the identity of a powder or dust used to catch thieves.

Inasmuch as there is no violation indicated within the Bureau's jurisdiction, there is no further investigation being conducted in this matter. However, the ash residue obtained from the Fire Marshal's Office is being forwarded to the Bureau Laboratory for any interest or study the Laboratory may desire to conduct relative to flares or in connection with the possibility of the presence of "flying saucers".

- CLOSED -

- 3 -
Page 203

PAGE 203

memo

An FBI teletype from Omaha reporting that SA Clive G. Matthews observed an unconventional aircraft resembling a flying disc while on vacation near Kenora, Ontario, and has reported the information to U.S. Air Force Intelligence.

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION U. S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE COMMUNICATIONS SECTION [HANDWRITTEN: NA GEN] [HANDWRITTEN: My3-1] TELETYPE FBI OMAHA 7-14-49 4-55 PM CST DIRECTOR URGENT FLYING DISCS, INFORMATION CONCERNING. WHILE ON VACATION RECENTLY AT LAKE OF THE WOODS, NEAR KENORA, ONTARIO, CANADA, SA CLIVE G. MATTHEWS OBSERVED UNCONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT RESEMBLING FLYING DISC. HE HAS FURNISHED FULL INFORMATION CONCERNING SAME TO U.S. AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, FORT CROOK, NEBRASKA, AND SAME WILL NOT BE REPORTED TO THE BUREAU UNLESS ADVISED TO THE CONTRARY. END ACK 94$ PLS RECORDED - 142 [HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-181] 31 JUL 19 1949 [HANDWRITTEN: DALTON] [HANDWRITTEN: Five-E...] [HANDWRITTEN: Pelanne] 6-56 PM OK FBI WASH DC EJC
Page 204

PAGE 204

report

A teletype document containing fragmented reports regarding information provided by individuals named Willhelm Obertaed and Vl Tyke concerning White Sands Proving Ground and Loma Chock, Nebraska.

RECEIVED TELETYPE UNIT
JUL 14 6 59 PM '49
F.B.I. DEPT. OF JUSTICE

[HANDWRITTEN: 4-23]

REPORTED TO THE BAKERY PRESS VIARED TO THE COMPANY
FORCE INTELLIGENCE LOMA CHOCK, NEBRASKA AND WAS THE
HE WAS FURNISHED THAT INFORMATION CONCERNING SAME TO
WILLHELM OBERTAED INFORMATION WILLINGLY REGARDING
VL TYKE OF THE ACORE, NEW MEXICO, SURVEY BY
STATE DIRECT INFORMATION CONCERNING WHITE SANDS PROVING

RECEIVED - FLETCHER RECEIVED
JUL 14 8 15 PM '49
RECEIVED
JUL 15 1 22 PM '49
REC'D ESPIONAGE
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE
RECORDED - IVS
Page 205

PAGE 205

memo

An FBI memo from the New Orleans SAC regarding a proposed 'flying saucer seers' convention in Alexandria, Louisiana, and the potential for fraudulent claims of UFO sightings by individuals wishing to attend.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : DIRECTOR, FBI DATE: July 21, 1949
FROM : SAC, NEW ORLEANS
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS AND SAUCERS
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION CONCERNING

For the Bureau's information, several citizens in the community of Alexandria, Louisiana, have recently reportedly seen flying discs. The Alexandria, Louisiana daily paper has carried numerous articles concerning this.

At a recent meeting of the Young Mens Business Club in Alexandria, a member suggested that since Alexandria, Louisiana is known as a convention city, the club should try promoting a convention of flying saucer seers. This particular comment appeared in the Alexandria paper and was picked up by the AP lines.

Mr. A. M. DEANGELO, a member of the Young Mens Business Club, advised Special Agent WALTER E. MOEHLE that since the AP release, they have received a large number of requests regarding the convention of flying saucer seers from many parts of the United States. Mr. DEANGELO states that the interest of the people is evidenced by their inquiries about convention particulars, stating they are flying saucer seers and want to attend such a convention.

This gentleman further advised that in view of the volume of inquiries coming in, it appears that the YMBC will have to hire an employee to handle all the correspondence. It might be noted that he advised a representative of the Air Force from Barksdale Field, Louisiana, has inquired as to plans of a flying saucer convention, stating that they are interested in furnishing an observer if such a convention were held.

This information is being furnished the Bureau, as it is possible such an enterprise may cause people to falsify that they have seen flying discs or flying saucers. Such falsifications might be made so that they might attend such a convention or become official delegates thereto.

WEM:gp
62-0
[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-182]
[HANDWRITTEN: 238]
[HANDWRITTEN: 63 JUL 29 1949]
Page 206

PAGE 206

memo

This memo from the Alexandria SAC office reports on public interest in a proposed 'flying saucer convention' following local newspaper coverage and a suggestion made at a Young Mens Business Club meeting.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

TO: DIRECTOR, FBI
FROM: SAC, ALEXANDRIA
SUBJECT: FLYING DISCS AND SAUCERS
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION CONCERNING

For the Bureau's information, several citizens in the community of Alexandria have recently reportedly seen flying discs. The Alexandria daily paper has carried numerous articles concerning this.

At a meeting of the Young Mens Business Club in Alexandria, a member suggested that since Alexandria is known as a convention city, the club should by promoting a convention of flying saucer [REDACTED]. This portion of the comment was picked up by the Alexandria [REDACTED] lines.

Mr. M. A. DOMAGALA, a member of the Young Mens Business Club, advised Special Agent WHITE, that since the PA release, they have received a large number of requests regarding the convention of flying saucer [REDACTED] from parts of the United States. Mr. DOMAGALA states that the people are evidenced by their inquiries about the convention, stating they are flying saucer [REDACTED] and want to attend such a convention.

This gentleman further advised that in view of the volume of inquiries coming in, it appears that he will have to hire an employee to handle the correspondence. It might be noted that he advised a representative of the Alexandria Field, [REDACTED] has inquired as to plans of a flying saucer convention stating that they are interested in furnishing an observer if such a convention were held.

This information is being furnished to the Bureau as it is possible [REDACTED] an enterprise of flying saucer [REDACTED] may cause people to falsely believe that they might attend such a convention or become official delegates thereto.
Page 207

PAGE 207

memo

An FBI memo from the Director to the SAC in Phoenix regarding the correction of a reference date in a previous letter about William Albert Rhodes and flying discs, and granting authority to share a blind memorandum with Lynn C. Aldrich of the OSI.

SAC, Phoenix June 30, 1949
Director, FBI
WILLIAM ALBERT RHODES
INFORMATION CONCERNING
FLYING DISCS

Reurlet June 8, 1949, captioned "Flying Discs."

It is believed that the reference appearing in the first line of your referenced letter to the Bureau is incorrect. Complete details concerning the matter referred to in your referenced communication appear in a letter from your office dated September 4, 1947, and not September 9, 1947.

Pursuant to your request, you are granted authority to furnish the attached blind memorandum, which was forwarded to the Bureau with your referenced letter for approval, to Mr. Lynn C. Aldrich, OSI representative, Phoenix, Arizona.

Attachment

EHM:EFF

[HANDWRITTEN: 62-83894-183]
[HANDWRITTEN: EX-94]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED-134]
[HANDWRITTEN: (circled text)]
[HANDWRITTEN: (illegible initials)]
[HANDWRITTEN: (illegible initials)]
[HANDWRITTEN: (illegible initials)]
[HANDWRITTEN: (illegible initials)]

PAGE 208

Page 209

PAGE 209

memo

This memorandum requests approval to forward information regarding William Albert Rhodes and his sighting of a flying disc to OSI representative Lynn C. Aldrich in Phoenix, Arizona.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : Mr. H. B. Fletcher [HANDWRITTEN: LW EMG] DATE: June 30, 1949
FROM : Lish Whitson
SUBJECT: WILLIAM ALBERT RHODES
INFORMATION CONCERNING
FLYING DISCS

Purpose
Your approval is requested in order that the attached letter and memorandum can be forwarded to the Phoenix Office, authorizing that office to furnish the attached memorandum to Mr. Lynn C. Aldrich, OSI representative, Phoenix, Arizona.

Background
In July 1947, William Albert Rhodes was jointly interviewed by Special Agent J. Bailey Brower (Bureau Agent) and George Fugate, Jr., A-2 representative from Hamilton Field, California. The purpose of the interview was to secure from Mr. Rhodes information and photographs of a flying disc, which had been sighted and photographed by Rhodes.

The complete results of the interview and subsequent events are contained in the attached memorandum submitted by the Phoenix Office.

Mr. Lynn C. Aldrich, OSI representative at Phoenix, Arizona, has requested the Phoenix Office to furnish him complete facts relating to this interview, which are to be subsequently forwarded to the OSI Office at San Francisco. According to Aldrich, Mr. Fugate, referred to above, has been questioned concerning this matter by his superiors and he has advised them that his recollection is "hazy" on the matter. According to Aldrich, Mr. Rhodes has apparently now requested the Air Force to return the photographs, which were previously obtained from him.

Recommendation
It is recommended that the Phoenix Office be advised that the memorandum attached may be forwarded by them to Mr. Aldrich, OSI representative, Phoenix, Arizona.

Attachments
EHM:EFF [HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED - 134] [HANDWRITTEN: 162-83894-183] [HANDWRITTEN: F B 23 JUL 20 1949] [HANDWRITTEN: INDEXED - 134 EX-68] [HANDWRITTEN: EHM FIVE] [HANDWRITTEN: EHM] [HANDWRITTEN: 56 AUG 3 1949 185]
Page 210

PAGE 210

memo

A memorandum regarding the request to share information about 'flying discs' with the FBI representative in Phoenix, involving William Albert Rhodes.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

DATE: June 30, 1949

TO: H. H. Fletcher

FROM: WILLIAM ALBERT RHODES

SUBJECT: INFORMATION CONCERNING

FLYING DISCS

Your approval is requested in order that the attached letter and memorandum can be forwarded to the Phoenix Office, authorizing that office to furnish the attached memorandum to Mr. J. D. Aldrich, FBI representative, Phoenix.

In July 1947, William Albert Rhodes was briefly interviewed by Special Agent L. B. [REDACTED] (Phoenix) and [REDACTED]. The purpose of the interview was to secure from Rhodes information which had been signed and photographed by Rhodes.

The complete results of the interview and subsequent events are contained in the attached memorandum submitted by the Phoenix office.

Mr. J. D. Aldrich, FBI representative at Phoenix, has requested that the Phoenix office be furnished with this information, which he is to forward subsequently to the FBI office at [REDACTED]. Mr. [REDACTED], referred to above, has been questioned concerning this matter and no [REDACTED] is advised that his recollection is [REDACTED]. According to [REDACTED], Rhodes is apparently now requested to [REDACTED] to return the photographs which were previously obtained from him.

It is recommended that the Phoenix office be advised that the memorandum [REDACTED] may be forwarded to them by Mr. J. D. Aldrich, FBI representative, Phoenix.

[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED - FLETCHER JUN 30 11 53 AM '49 U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE FBI]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED AUG 2 4 46 PM '49]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVE AUG 2 2 54 PM '49]
Page 211

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memo

This FBI memo from the Phoenix office to the Director discusses a request from the OSI for information regarding a 1947 interview with William Albert Rhodes concerning his observation and photography of a flying disc.

Federal Bureau of Investigation
United States Department of Justice
Phoenix, Arizona

June 8, 1949

Director, FBI
RE: FLYING DISCS

Dear Sir:

Refer Phoenix letter to Bureau, dated September 9, 1947, captioned, REPORTS OF FLYING DISCS, for the attention of Assistant Director D. M. LADD, setting forth the result of an interview conducted by GEORGE FUGATE, JR., then a representative of the Air Force Intelligence, from Hamilton Field, California, and Special Agent J. BAILEY BROWER with one WILLIAM ALBERT RHODES, 4333 N. 14th Street, Phoenix, Arizona, concerning his observation and photographing of an object which was considered by the Air Force of significance from a security standpoint.

On June 7, 1949, Mr. LYNN C. ALDRICH, OSI representative, Phoenix, Arizona, advising that he had been requested by his superiors in San Francisco to obtain detailed information concerning this interview since RHODES apparently has requested the Air Force to return the photographs.

FUGATE, when questioned by his superiors concerning the matter, stated his recollection was "hazy" on the matter. OSI is anxious to secure the substance of information in the Phoenix file concerning this matter. Mr. ALDRICH was furnished the substance of the interview, as set forth in letter of reference and he has now requested that he be furnished with a blind memorandum setting forth this information in detail in order that he may make it available to the OSI at San Francisco.

A memorandum setting forth this information has been prepared by this office and is attached hereto. The Bureau is requested to advise if such memorandum should be made available to OSI.

Very truly yours,
W. A. MURPHY
SAC

[HANDWRITTEN: RECORDED 34 62-83894-144]
[HANDWRITTEN: 20 1949]
[HANDWRITTEN: Attachment sent to Phoenix memo dated 6/30/49]
[HANDWRITTEN: 5-Emm]
[HANDWRITTEN: EHM]
[HANDWRITTEN: Murphy]
WAM-kb
62-213
AIR MAIL
[STAMP: 30 JUL 29 1949]

PAGE 212

Page 213

PAGE 213

memo

An FBI internal memo regarding an investigation into a letter sent to Walter Winchell by a Peter Cameron Jones, who claimed to have seen a flying saucer. The investigation concluded that the individual could not be located and the letter was likely a prank.

STANDARD FORM NO. 64
Office Memo • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT
TO : THE DIRECTOR DATE: July 20, 1949
FROM : D. M. LADD
SUBJECT: [HANDWRITTEN: ok]

You will recall that Mr. Ernest Cuneo advised the Bureau of a letter which Walter Winchell had received from an individual in Los Angeles indicating that he had seen a flying saucer leave the ground within his view and in which letter he theorized that this might have been a landing from another planet.

The Los Angeles Office was requested to locate and interview the writer of this letter, Peter Cameron Jones, 164 West 37th Street, Los Angeles 7, California.

The Los Angeles Office has now advised that the present owner and former manager at this address have no knowledge of any Peter Cameron Jones and that other investigation to locate Jones was unproductive. It would appear, therefore, that this may have been a prank.

You may desire to advise Mr. Cuneo that there is no such person at the address given inasmuch as he indicated that Mr. Winchell intended to do a column on this letter.

DML:FA [HANDWRITTEN: This was handled by letter to Cuneo] [HANDWRITTEN: Flying discs]

RECORDED - 5
INDEXED - 5
62-83894-185
JUL 26 1949
[HANDWRITTEN: 53 7-21-49 fee]
Page 214

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memo

This page is a blank Office Memorandum form containing only various FBI date-received stamps.

Office Memorandum • UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT

[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-DIRECTOR FBI U.S. DEPT. OF JUSTICE JUL 22 10 15 AM '49]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-TOLSON FBI JUL 20 10 08 AM '49 U S DEPT OF JUSTICE]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-TOLSON FBI JUL 22 3 16 PM '49 U S DEPT OF JUSTICE]
[HANDWRITTEN: RECEIVED-NICHOL FBI JUL 22 3 59 PM '49 U S DEPT OF JUSTICE]

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